A&P Exam like questions

What do the turbinates do?

filter, humidifies, causes turbulent flow in the nasal passage, and increases surface area in the nasal passage

what are the paranasal sinuses?

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses

Blunting of the costophrenic angles and fluid in the pleural space indicates?

Pleural effusion

why is the left hemidiaphragm lower than the right?

Because the heart sits there

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system can?

increase HR, bronchial smooth muscle relaxation,

Decrease gut/ intestinal motility

What are the conducting zones?

Nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

mainstem bronchi

segmental bronchi

bronchioles

terminal bronchioles,

What allows collateral ventilation?

Pores of Khon and canals of Lambert

Does surfactant increase or decrease WOB?

DECREASE WOB

The exchange of gases that occur between the alveolus and the respiratory bed is called?

external respiration

Which structure is most effected by smooth muscle constriction?

Bronchioles

What is cila like?

hair like structures That transport, they constantly push mucus upward and out That mucus traps dust, bacteria, viruses, smoke particles

Which bronchi is the most easiest to intubate?

The right because of the verticle angle

What muscles are accessory muscles?

Scalene and pectoralis major/minor

TLC

6000ml

VC

4800ml

IC

3600ml

FRC

2400ml

IRV

3100ml

VT

500ml

ERV

1200ml

RV

1200ml

VC+FRC-ERV=

VC

is inflammation of the vocal cords a life or death situation?

no vocal cords don’t get inflamed

is inflammation of the cricoid cartilage life threatening?

yes

is inflammation of the epiglottis cartilage life threatening?

yes extremely life threatening

tube that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx?

Eustachian tube

What are the cells that produce mucus?

Goblet and submucosal cells

What is the primary function of the upper airway?

Warm, humidify, filter, passageway for air, prevent foreign materials to get in

the conducting passage membrane is lined with a membrane what does it produce?

mucus, cilia, goblet and submucosal layer

what is the purpose of the Eustachian tube?

equalize pressure and drain secretions

What are ribs 1-7 connected to?

The sternum

Name of the cells where alveolar gas exchange occurs?

type 1 cells (squamous alveolar cells)

which passageways contains cartilage?

trachea, and right and left bronchus

What is the lung compliance formula

C= ΔV/ΔP

What is the elastance formula

E=ΔP/ΔV

What are some major static forces in the lung that cause an inflated lung to recoil inward?

Surface tension and elastance

What is airway resistance?

The pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli/flow rate

Palveoli- Pmouth/V̇

OR

PiP-Pplat/ V̇

Where would you make an incision for an emergency airway

Cricoidthyroid membrane

What is EPP?

Equilized pressure point

EPP in a non cartilage airway can cause?

Dynamic AW collapse

Air trapping

Decrease elastance

Hyperinflation

Increase WOB

What structures participate in subatmospheric pressure in the alveolus

Disaphragm contracts

movement of the lung tissues

lung tissue moves down with diaphragm

Where is the pleural space?

The space between the pleura

During forceful exhalation which muscles are used?

Absominal muscles

• Rectus abdominis

• external oblque

• interal oblique

• transversus abdominis

Where does the trachea start and end?

The larynx below the vocal cords and carina

What happens when you stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system ?

decrease HR

increase bronchial smooth muscle

increase intestinal motility

What is the cartilage found in the larynx? (TEST QUESTION)

Cuniform, cricoid, arytenoid

Which disease has the highest recoil ?

Pulmonary fibrosis

What is the function of surfactant?

decrease surface tension

A patient with emphysema has increased WOB because of high RAW. How would they keep their airway open?

Pursed lipped breathing

emphysema patient has an increase CL or Decrease CL

Increase CL

the thyroid cartilage is the narrowest point in adults or neontes?

Neonates

Does the parasympathetic cause an increase or decrease in submucosal glands?

Increase submucosal glands

What role do the accessory muscles of inspiration play in increasing or decreasing thoracic volume?

Increase thoracic volume

Plateau pressure is equal to what?

alveolar pressure

Can you exhale RV?

No you cannot

Plateau or peak pressure is more important

Plateau pressure is more important

what constitutes IC?

VT + IRV

Is dynamic compression of the non-cartilaginous airway rarely a problem in emphysema patients?

False

purpose of the pores of khon?

Collateral ventilation

Can pulmonary fibrosis cause vasoconstriction?

Yes, vasoconstriction can happen with pulmonary fibrosis

The stimulation of the sensory receptors can cause?

A cough

the nerve that stimulates the diaphragm is ?

The phrenic nerve

Where does a pneumothorax occur?

the pleural space between the visceral and parietal pleura

Increase CL =

Decrease elastance

Increase CL, will the lung take a greater volume of gas?

Yes its easier to get air in

If RAW is increased is it easier or harder to get air in?

Harder to get air in

process of moving gas between the external environment and alveoli is ?

Ventilation

cystic fibrosis

thick sputum, cor pulmonale, digital clubbing, JVD

Surfactant molecules does what?

decrease surface tension

What is racemic epinephrine used for?

post extubation, stridor, upper AW obstruction

what cells secrete surfactant?

Type II epithelial cells