Units 3 and 4 Vocab

Solute

Component of a solution present in lesser amount

Solvent

Component of a solution present in greater amount

Electrolyte

A compound that breaks up into ions when dissolved

Nonelectrolyte

A compound that does not break up into ions when dissolved

Dilution

The process of making a solution less concentrated

Concentration

The amount of solute per amount of solution

Mass Percent

The mass of solute per mass of solution

Volume Percent

The volume of solute per volume of solution

Mass per Volume Percent

The mass of solute per volume of solution

Molarity

The moles of solute per volume of solution

Parts Per XXX

The mass of solute per mass of solution, all times a factor (e.g., one million)

Solubility

The maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent

Miscible

Liquid solutes that can be dissolved in other liquids

Immiscible

Liquids that cannot be mixed to form a homogeneous solution

Unsaturated

More solute can dissolve

Saturated

No more solute can dissolve

Supersaturated

Too much solute is dissolved

Redox Reaction

A chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of at least two elements are changed

Oxidation

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Gain of electrons

Oxidizing Agent

Species that causes another species to be oxidized

Reducing Agent

Species that causes another species to be reduced

Rate

Change in concentration per unit time

Rate Law

Mathematical relationship between rate of reaction and concentrations of reactants

Rate Constant

Proportionality factor relating concentration to rate

Flooding (Isolation)

Conditions in which all but one reactant’s concentrations don’t change appreciably over the course of the reaction

Integrated Rate Law

Mathematical relationship between concentrations of species and time

Half Life

Time it takes for a concentration to reduce by a factor of two

Frequency Factor

Pre-exponential value that accounts for the number of collisions and the orientation of molecular collisions

Activation Energy

Energy input needed for a reaction to proceed

Activated State

The energy and orientation of a molecular that has been given energy but has not yet been converted into products

Transition State

High-energy point on a reaction coordinate diagram

Catalyst

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed

Elementary Step

A chemical reaction whose rate law is directly related to its molecularity

Rate-Determining Step

Slowest step in a reaction mechanism

Molecularity

How many molecules must come together for a reaction to proceed

Reaction Intermediate

Species produced in one step of a mechanism but consumed in another step

Pressure

Force per unit area

Equation of State

The mathematical relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature for a gas

Compressibility Factor

The ratio of PV to nRT for a gas