BISC 130 - Chapter 9: Cell Communication

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27 Terms

1
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What are ligands and where do they come from?

Ligands are signaling molecules released from signaling cells that bind to receptor proteins on target cells.

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What are the four types of signaling mechanisms?

Autocrine, Direct Signaling, Paracrine, and Endocrine.

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In the autocrine signaling mechanism, where does the ligand bind?

The ligand binds to the receptor in the signaling cell.

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How does ligand transfer occur in direct signaling?

Ligands travel from cytoplasm to cytoplasm from the signaling cell to the target cell.

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What type of cells do ligands bind to in paracrine signaling?

Ligands bind to nearby cells in paracrine signaling.

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What ensures that the signal is local in paracrine signaling?

Rapidly degraded ligands ensure that the signal is local.

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In endocrine signaling, where do ligands bind?

Ligands bind to receptors on distant cells in endocrine signaling.

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What ensures that ligands can travel across the body in endocrine signaling?

Stable ligands ensure they can travel across the body.

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What is an example of a ligand?

Hormones and neurotransmitters.

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What kind of receptor is located in the cytoplasm of the cell?

Intracellular receptor.

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What type of ligands do intracellular receptors require?

Ligands must be small and hydrophobic to diffuse across the membrane.

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What is an example of a ligand that binds to intracellular receptors?

Steroid hormones.

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Where are cell surface receptors located?

Cell surface receptors are on the surface of the cell, anchored in the plasma membrane.

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What are the three distinct domains of cell surface receptors?

Extracellular Domain, Intracellular Domain, Transmembrane Domain.

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What is the function of the extracellular domain of cell surface receptors?

It is exposed to the outside of the cell.

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What happens when a ligand binds to a receptor?

It leads to a change in shape of the receptor and alters its behavior.

17
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What is phosphorylation?

The modification of protein by the addition of phosphate group(s) from ATP.

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What class of enzymes catalyzes the transfer of phosphate group in Phosphorylation?

Kinases.

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What is dephosphorylation?

The removal of a phosphate group(s) from a protein.

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What class of enzymes catalyzes dephosphorylation?

Phosphatases.

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How can the function of a protein be affected?

The function can be switched on/off depending on its phosphorylation state.

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What are some potential results of signal transduction?

Altered cell behavior, cell growth/division, apoptosis (programmed cell death).

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What do single-celled yeasts secrete to find other yeast cells?

They secrete a 'mating factor' ligand.

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What is quorum sensing in bacteria?

It's the ability of bacteria to communicate cell density and form structures like biofilms.

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What are 'autoinducers' in bacterial communication?

Ligands released by bacteria to communicate cell density.

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What happens at low ligand density in quorum sensing?

The ligand diffuses, but there is no response.

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What happens at high ligand density in quorum sensing?

The signaling pathway is activated and biofilm formation occurs.