Psych 2NF3 Midterm 3: too much info

parietal occipital sulcus divides from parietal

no clear divisions from temporal or parietal on lateral hem

Divisions/borders of the occipital lobe

divides upper and lower halves of visual world, most of V1

calcarine sulcus

ventral surface of each hem, part of V2 and VP (V3)

lingual gyrus

ventral surface of each hem to temporal cortex, V4

fusiform gyrus

blobs- cytochrome rich areas in striate cortex, for colour perception

interblobs- cytochrome poor so not metabolically active, for motor and form perception

blobs and interblobs

area V2

thin= colour perception

thick= form

pale= motion

thin stripes, thick stripes, and pale stripes functions and location

colour perception and processing

function of area V4

first processing level

input from LGN of thalamus

output to all other occipital regions

Area V1, outputs and inputs

second processing level

output to all other occipital regions

Area V2

1. dorsal stream, to parietal lobe, visual guidance of movements

2. ventral stream, to inferior temporal lobe, object perception

3. STS stream, to STS, visuospatial functions

Streams after V2, function, name and location

interblobs in V1 to V5/MT

Visual areas involved in motion

blobs in V1 to V4

Areas involved in colour

V1 and V2 to V3

Areas for shape and motion of objects

-using your vision to do something

-bottom up

-parietal visual areas on dorsal stream

Vision for action- function and type of processing and location

-use eye movements and selective attention to pay attention to environment

-top down

Action for vision- function, type of processing

temporal regions- hands and faces

other areas- places and objects

Visual Recognition- function, location

-direct movements to objects in space and assign meaning to them

-parietal and temporal lobes

Visual Space- function, location

-location of an object relative to the viewer

-related to action for vision

Egocentric space

-location of an object relative to another object

-related to visual recognition

Allocentric space

parietal lobes- guide movement

temporal lobes- recognize the object

Visual Attention- function and location

object analysis

lateral occipital function

body analysis

extra striate body function

analysis of biological motion

STS function

voluntary eye movement

lateral intraparietal sulcus function

object-directed grasping

anterior intraparietal sulcus function

visuomotor guidance

ventral intraparietal sulcus function

facial

temporal lobe activated for what kind of visual stimuli

locating objects

posterior parietal active for what kind of visual task

shape detection

STS active for what kind of visual task

colour perception

lingual gyrus active for what kind of visual task

how information enters brain from eye

(before crossover to other hem)

optic nerve

point of crossover

optic chiasm

carries information to the thalamus that is rich in cell bodies (nuclei)

(after crossover)

optic tract

clusters of cell bodies in the thalamus

LGN

takes info to primary visual cortex from LGN

optic radiation

damage outside the brain, in the retina or optic nerve

what does loss of vision in one eye indicate?

damage to retina or optic nerve

cause of monocular blindness

damage to optic chiasm

cause of bitemporal hemianopia

damage to lateral optic chiasm, one side

cause of right nasal hemianopia

(one side nasal, one side temporal)

- could be optic tract, LGN or V1 (V1 related to bilateral damage)

cause of homonymous hemianopia

damage to V1

cause of quadrant anopia

entire visual field (either left field or right field) damaged, but central is spared

macular sparing

-spared because the region gets double to vascular supply

-damage to V1

-occurs after unilateral lesions to visual cortex

cause of macular sparing

small blind spots in visual field

scotomas

-constant tiny involuntary eye movements called nystagmus

-visual system fills in the blanks

how does the eye compensate for scotomas?

-unable to match or recognize shapes

-bilateral damage to lateral parts of occipital lobe that send outputs to ventral stream (what)

apperceptive agnosia and cause

simultagnosia=patients can perceive basic shape of object but not more than one at a time

common symptom of apperceptive agnosia

-can perceive objects but can't identify them

-lesions to anterior temporal lobes (ventral what)

-related to memory

associative agnosia and cause

-inability to read

-damage to left fusiform and lingual areas (left for language)

-can be object agnosia- can't construct perceptual wholes from partials

-can be associative agnosia- word memory is damaged

alexia

-can't recognize faces

-most can recognize human from non-human faces

-damage to calcarine fissure at temporal junction

-right occipitotemporal lesson (right temporal processes faces)

prosopagnosia and cause

- can't find way and facial recognition deficits

-damage to right medial occipitotemporal regions including fusiform and lingual gyri

visuospatial agnosia and cause

damage to V1 can perceive but can't see

blindsight

pooling of blood resulting from abnormal collection of blood vessels

angioma

-unable to visually guide hand movements

-damage to posterior parietal lobe

optic ataxia and cause

1. occipital regions and ventral stream

2. posterior parietal cortex

3. precuneus lobule in parietal cortex

4. frontal eye fields

5. dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

6. medial prefrontal cortex

areas that may be involved in manipulation of mental images (11)

anterior- central fissure

ventral- sylvian fissure

dorsal- cingulate gyrus

posterior- parieto-occipital sulcus

borders of the parietal lobe

separates postcentral and precentral gyrus

role of central fissure

-on top of corpus callosum

-complex behaviours and emotional processing of information in a social context

(I'm single- that's emotional and social---cingulate)

-risk taking and cost benefit analysis

role of cingulate gyrus

3-1-2

post central gyrus Broadmanns areas

captures somatosensory information, 5 and 7

superior parietal lobule, role and areas

43

parietal operculum area

40

-part of inferior parietal lobule

-connects auditory component of language and where information is coming from in our enviro

-part of where pathway

-connects auditory with visual

supramarginal gyrus area and function

39

- connects to Wernicke's area which does language comprehension

- more auditory

-makes sense of fact we heard a word and where that is

angular gyrus area and role

somatosensory cortex

- 3-1-2 and 43

anterior zone of the parietal lobe role and areas

all of brodmanns areas but 3-1-2 and 43

-integrates information from vision with somatosensory

-role in mental imagery

posterior zone of the parietal lobe role and areas

PE, PF and PG

3 Posterior Parietal Areas

43, 40 and part of 7

-tactile recognition, the somatosensoru strip

-outputs to primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex, premotor regions and area PF and cerebellum

Posterior Parietal area PE

-brodmanns

-function

-outputs

5 and rest of 7

-inputs from somatosensory, primary moto cortex premotor somevisual input from PG

Posterior parietal area PF

-brodmanns

-inputs

39 and 40

-receives visual, somesthic, proprioceptive (internal stimuli), auditory, vestibular (sense of balance), oculomotor and cingulate connections

-polymodal cells

-cIPS (LIP and AIP), PRR,

-larger on right

-dorsal stream

Posterior parietal area PG

-brodmanns

-areas

-inputs

-part of PG

-parietal reach region

-dorsal stream of visual processing

-role in visual guidance of grasping movements

area PRR

-part of PG

-intraparietal sulcus

-dorsal stream

-area LIP controls saccadic eye movements

-area AIP controls object directed grasping

area cIPS

-connections to the prefrontal cortex

what allows for parietal lobe role in spatially guided behaviours?

how pathway

-part of dorsal stream

parieto-premotor pathway

visuospatial functions, working memory

-part of dorsal stream

parieto-prefrontal pathway

-into hippocampus and parahippocampal regions

indirectly via posterior cingulate gyrus

-role in spatial navigation

-part of dorsal stream

parieto-medial temporal pathway

-somatosensation

length of touch, temp, intensity, pressure, pain, location

role of sensory homunculus

-encodes sense of balance and has a map

role of cerebellum

-viewer entered recognition doesn't need details about environment around object (object entered does)

-use spatial information to determine relations between objects

-temporal function- labeling object

-parietal function- knowing what the object is from multiple locations

process of object recognition

-posterior parietal cortex

-some cells active during object manipulation, arm movements, size and orientation

process of movement guidance

-posterior parietal cortex cells makes movement related and sensory signals to make sensorimotor transformations

-area PRR active wen preparing to make limb movements

-need to integrate movements of body parts with sensory feedback of what movement is actally being made

process and location of sensorimotor transformation

-Medial parietal region (MPR) cells control body movements to locations

-cognitive spatial map

process and location of spatial navigation

-concept of left and right

-some require movements others don't

-spatial manipulation of images

examples of viewer centred processes

-spatial manipulation of letters and numbers

parietal lobe role in math and language

any death of neural or glial tissue

what are lesions?

-abnormally high sensory thresholds

-impaired position sense

lesions to postcentral gyrus (3-1-2) and adjacent cortex (pe and pf)

-postcentral gyrus lesion or PE or PF

-clumsy finger movements

-lack of feedback about finger position

afferent paresis, cause

-lesion of post central gyrus of PE or PF

-inabilty to recognize object by touch

astereogenesis, cause

-damage to right PE and PF

-can only see one object when two are presented at once

simultaneous extinction, cause

generally lesions on right that affect left side of body

cause of agnosias

unawareness or denial of illness

asomatognosia

indifference to illness

anosodiaphoria

absence of normal reaction to pain

asymbolia for pain

unable to point to the fingers or show them to examiner

finger agnosia

inability to localize and name body parts (usually left lesion)

autopagnosia

-bilateral parietal lesion PE

-can move eyes but can't fixate on specific stimuli

-simultagnosia

-optic ataxia- deficits in visually guided hand movements

-have full visual fields

Balints syndrome

-neglect for stimuli on one side of body or space

-lesion often on right inferior parietal lobe, right intraparietal sulcus, right angular gyrus

-defective sensation or perception

-defective attention or orientation

Contralateral neglect

-allesthesia- respond to neglected stimuli as though they were on the side that isn't neglected

-simultaneous extinction

what do patients experience during recovery from contralateral neglect?

can't combine blocks to form designs

-posterior parietal damage

constructional apraxia

can't draw maps of well known areas from memory

-posterior parietal damage usually right

topographic apraxia

right damage- omit details from left side of drawings and rotate them on page

left- apraxia had fewer recognizable drawings

how does left or right parietal damage affect drawing?