ANALYSIS OF URINE AND OTHER BODILY FLUIDS | MTAP 1 | FINALS | PAGE 1-13

NORMAL VOLUME OF URINE IN 24 HOURS

600-2000ML

AVERAGE URINE VOLUE

1200-1500ML

NIGHT TO DAY RATIO OF URINE VOLUME IS?

1:2 OR 1:3

WHAT IS THE REQUIRED VOLUME OF ROUTINE URINALYSIS?

10-15ML

THIS IS WHEN THERE IS AN INCREASED IN URINE VOLUME

POLYURIA

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES WHEN YOU ARE EXPERIENCING POLYURIA?

INCREASED FLUID INTAKE, DIURETICS, DIABETES MELLITUS AND DIABETES INSIPIDUS

THIS IS A DEFICIENCY OF ANTI-DIURETIC HORMONE/ARGININE VASOPRESSIN OR UNREPONSIVENESS TO THE HORMONE (NEPHROGENIC)

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

THIS DISEASE CAN CAUSE A PERSON TO URINATE FOR UP TO 15 LITERS PER DAY

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Which of the following is a symptom of Diabetes Insipidus?

A. Decreased urine output.

B. Increased thirst.

C. Low blood pressure.

D. Weight gain.

B

In Diabetes Insipidus, what is the underlying issue in the case of unresponsiveness to ADH?

A. Insufficient production of ADH.

B. Excessive production of ADH.

C. Damage to the collecting ducts and loop of Henle.

D. Overactive collecting ducts and loop of Henle.

C

DEFECTIVE RENAL SALT AND WATER ABSORPTION MAY BE DUE TO __

DIURETICS

DEFECTIVE RENAL SALT AND WATER ABSORPTION IS THE ABNORMALITY OF RENAL TUBULES RESULTING TO?

SODIUM WASTING AND IMPAIRMENT OF COUNTERCURRENT MECHANISM

THIS IS WHEN THE FUNCTIONING TISSUE IS DIMINISHED. THE ABILITY TO CONCENTRATE URINE IS GRADUALLY LOST

PROGRESSIVE CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

DIABETIC MELLITUS WITH HYPERGLYCEMIA

OSMOTIC DIURESIS

THIS IS WHEN EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF GLUCOSE ARE EXCRETED, CAUSING A SOLUTE DIURESIS

OSMOTIC DIURESIS

THIS IS A DEFECT IN EITHER PANCREATIC PRODUCTION OF INSULIN OR FUNCTION OF INSULIN

DIABETES MELLITUS

THIS IS A HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT AND A HORMONE THAT FACILITATES CELLULAR OPTIC OF GLUCOSE INTO THE CELL AND INTO THE TISSUE OF THE HUMAN BODY

INSULIN

IN DIABETES MELLITUS, ___ WOULD REMAIN EXTRACELLULARLY AND CANNOT BE UTILIZED BY THE CELLS AND TISSUES FOR ENERGY

GLUCOSE

THIS RESULTS OT HIGH PLASMA GLUCOSE BUT KIDNEYS DO NOT REABSORBS THE EXCESS GLUCOSE

DIABETES MELLITUS

URINE MAY APPEAR DILUTED BUT SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS HIGH

A. DIABETES MELLITUS

B. DIABETES INSIPIDUS

A

IN DIABETES MELLITUS, THERE MAY BE MANIFESTATION OF ___ IN THE URINE

GLUCOSE

What is the primary reason for the increased urine output (polyuria) in individuals with untreated diabetes mellitus?

A. Increased production of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

B. Decreased production of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

C. Excessive reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys

D. Excessive excretion of glucose by the kidneys

D

What is the primary role of insulin in the body?

A. To increase blood glucose levels

B. To decrease blood glucose levels

C. To increase blood pressure

D. To decrease blood pressure

B

Why does glucose appear in the urine of individuals with untreated diabetes mellitus?

A. Increased production of glucose by the kidneys

B. Decreased reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys

C. Increased filtration of glucose by the kidneys

D. Decreased filtration of glucose by the kidneys

B

What is the term for the condition of having glucose in the urine?

A. Glycosuria

B. Ketonuria

C. Proteinuria

D. Hematuria

A

URINE IS TRULY DILUTED AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS LOW

A. DIABETES MELLITUS

B. DIABETES INSIPIDUS

B

THIS IS WHEN WATER IS NOT REABSORBED FROM PLASMA FILTRATE

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

THIS DISEASE IS CAUSED BY THE DECREASE OF ADH FUNCTION OR PRODUCTION

DIABETES INSIPIDUS

THIS IS WHEN THERE IS A DECREASED URINE VOLUME

OLIGURIA

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE CAUSES WHEN A PATIENT IS EXPERIENCING OLIGURIA

DEHYDRATION, RENAL CALCULI OR TUMOR

DISORDERS THAT ARE MANIFESTING OUTSIDE THE KIDNEY OR BEFORE THE KIDNEY

PRE-RENAL DISEASE

PRE-RENAL DISEASE ARE CONDITIONS THAT CAUSES ___ BLOOD PRESSURE AND ___ BLOOD VOLUME

A. HIGH; HIGH

B. LOW; LOW

C. HIGH; LOW

D. LOW; HIGH

WRITE E IF THERE IS NO CORRECT ANSWER

B

LOSS OF INTRAVASCULAR VOLUME ATTRIBUTED TO BLEEDING, DEHYDRATION, PROLONGED DIARRHEA, VOMITING, EXCESSIVE SWEATING AND SEVERE BURNS

PRE-RENAL DISEASE

SHIFTING IN INTRAVASCULAR FLUIDS TO EXTRACELLULAR SPACES

THIRD SPACING

OTHER CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PRE-RENAL DISEASE ARE?

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, SEPSIS, ANAPHYLAXIS, RENAL ARTERY EMBOLIC OCCLUSIONS

THESE ARE CONDITIONS THAT ARE AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF THE URINE AFTER IT LEAVES THE KIDNEY, GENERALLY MEANS OBSTRUCTION

POST RENAL DISEASE

THIS RESULTS FROM HIGH GRADE OR LONG STANDING OBSTRUCTION OF THE URINARY TRACT

BILATERAL HYDRONEPHROSIS

THIS IS WHEN ENLARGED PROSTATE GLAND IS COMPRESSING THE SPHINCTER THAT CONNECTS THE URETHRA AND THE BLADDER OF A MALE PATIENT

PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA OR CARCINOMA

THIS MAY BE DUE TO STONES, CLOTS, OR SLOUGHED TISSUES WHICH CAUSES OLIGURIA

BILATERAL URETERAL OBSTRUCTION

THIS OBSCURES THE PASSAGEWAY OF THE URINE THROUGH THE URETHRA

BLADDER STONES

THIS FORMS IN THE HOLLOW STRUCTURES OF THE URETERS

RENAL STONES

STRICTURE OR VALVES THAT CAUSE OLIGURIA

URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION

INFLAMMATION OF THE NEPHRONS AND GLOMERULUS

ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

THIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

STREPTOCOCCAL ASSOCIATED ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS

THIS IS THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

DRUG ALLERGY

THESE HAVE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES, THAT IS WHY THEY WOULD RESPOND TO ALLERGIC REACTIONS INDUCED BY THE DRUG INTERACTION

EOSINOPHILS

THIS IS THE DEPLEETION OF OXYGEN SUPPLY ATTRIBUTED TO BLOCKAGE, DIMINISHED BLOOD SUPPLY THAT AFFECTS THE OXYGEN SUPPLY OF THE BLOOD TO THE KIDNEYS RESULTING TO AN?

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS

THE MOST COMMON CAUSE OF ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS IS THE ____ WHICH IS ATTRIBUTED TO THE TO HEART FAILURE OR HYPOTENSION

RENAL ISCHEMIA

ACUTE TUBULAR NECROSIS IS ATTRIBUTED TO?

HEMOGLOBINURIA OR MYOGLOBINURIA

LIBERATION OF THE HEMOGLOBIN FROM THE ERYTHROCYTES, AND IT OCCURS INTRAVASCULARLY MEANING THAT THE HEMOLYSIS OF RBCS HAPPEN INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSEL

HEMOGLOBINURIA

THIS MAY POSE OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT CAN FURTHER DAMAGE THE INTEGRITY OF GLOMERULUS AND NEPHRONS

HEMOGLOBIN

THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF HEMOGLOBIN CAN BE SUBDUED BY ACTION OF AN ACUTE PHASE REACTANT CALLED?

HAPTOGLOBIN

THIS CAN INCREASE THE RESPONSE TO SEVERITY OF AN INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS

HAPTOGLOBIN

HEME PORTION OF THE MUSCLE

MYOGLOBIN

THESE OFFERS MORE AGGRESIVE OXIDATIVE STRESS TO THE GLOMERULUS AND NEPHRONS OF THE KIDNEYS

MYOGLOBIN

THIS IS THE BENEFIT OF HEMOGLOBIN BECAUSE IT POSES LESS NEPHROTOXIC LESS THAN HAVING EXPOSED TO HARMFUL EFFECTS OF MYOGLOBIN

HAPTOGLOBIN

THIS BINDS FREE HEMOGLOBIN AND IS FURTHER RECYCLES TO RECREATE NEW ERYTHROCYTES

HAPTOGLOBIN

THIS HAS NO CARRIER PROTEIN, HENCE NOTHING TO PROTECT THE KIDNEYS FROM THE OXIDATIVE STRESS THAT THIS IMPACTS ON THE GLOMERULUS AND NEPHRONS

MYOGLOBIN

WHICH OFFERS A MORE NEPHROTOXIC DAMAGE?

A. HEMOGLOBIN

B. MYOGLOBIN

B

MERCURY, CADMIUM, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, GLYCEROL AND SOME ANTIBIOTICS ARE KNOWN TO BE?

NEPHROTOXIC AGENTS

TRUE OR FALSE. IF RENAL FAILURE BECOMES CHRONIC, WE SHOULD EXPECT INCREASED URINARY OUTPUT AND EXPECT THE PRESENCE OF POLYURIA

FALSE

THIS IS THE PROGRESSIVE AND IRREVERSIBLE LOSS OF RENAL FUNCTION ATTRIBUTED TO SEVERAL DISEASES

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

THIS IS WHEN URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY IS LOW AND PROTEINURIA, CASTS AND RENAL CELLS MAY BE EVIDENT

CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

TUBULAR DYSFUNCTION WITH POLYURIA IN EARLY STAGE OF THE DISEASE AND LATER PROGRESSES INTO OLIGURIA OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

PYELONEPHRITIS/INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

THIS IS WHEN THERE IS A BACTERIAL INFECTION OF THE UPPER URINARY TRACT: GLOMERULUS, NEPHRONS, KIDNEYS THEMSELVES ARE EXPERIENCING BACTERIAL INFECTION

PYELONEPHRITIS

WHEN A PATIENT HAS PYELONEPHRITIS, THE EXPECTED MICROSCOPIC FINDINGS ARE?

WBC, WBC AND BACTERIAL CASTS

PREDOMINANT CELLS SEEN IN PYELONEPHRITIS AS THIS ARE INITIAL RESPONDERS AGAINST BACTERIAL INFECTIONS

NEUTROPHILS

THIS IS WHEN PYELONEPHRITIS BECOMES CHRONIC AND WE WOULD ONLY SEE WBC AND WBC CASTS AND NOT BACTERIAL CELLS AS INFLAMMATION IS INDUCED BY A DRUG ALLERGY AND NOT BY AN INFECTIOUS BACTERIOLOGIC AGENT

INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS

HOW DO WE DIFFERENTIATE WBC FROM PYELONEPHRITIS FROM WBC FROM INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS?

DIFFERENTIAL STAINS LIKE STERNHEIMER-MALBIN AND HANSEL STAIN

THIS DEMONSTRATES THE PRESENCE NEUTROPHILS (PYELONEPHRITIS)

STERNHEIMER-MALBIN

THIS DEMONSTRATES THE PRESENCE OF EOSINOPHILS (FOR INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS)

HANSEL STAIN

THIS IS THE COMPLETE CESSATION OF URINE FLOW

ANURIA

CAUSES OF ANURIA ARE?

COMPLETE OBSTRUCTION, TOXIC AGENTS AND DECREASED RENAL BLOOD FLOW

THIS IS THE EXCRETION OF MORE THAN 500ML OF URINE VOLUME AT NIGHT AND THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE IS LESS THAN 1.018

NOCTURIA

WHAT IS/ARE THE CAUSES OF NOCTURIA

PREGNANCY

THIS IS A ROUGH INDICATOR OF HYDRATION STATUS

URINE COLOR

URINE COLOR SHOULD CORRELATE WITH THE?

URINE SPECIFIC GRAVITY

NORMAL COLOR OF A URINE IS?

COLORLESS TO DEEP YELLOW

ABNORMAL URINE COLOR IS?

RED OR RED BROWN

URINARY PIGMENT THAT GIVES OFF THE YELLOW COLOR OF A URINE

UROCHROME

THIS IS THE MAJOR PIGMENT OF URINE

UROCHROME

THE PRODUCTION OF THIS URINARY PIGMENT IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO METABOLIC RATE

UROCHROME

UROCHROME CAUSES AN INCREASE IN?

STARVATION, THYROTOXICOSIS, FEVER

URINARY PIGMENT THAT GIVES OFF THE PINK COLOR OF A URINE

UROERYTHRIN

THIS URINARY SEDIMENT MAY DEPOSIT IN AMORPHOUS URATES AND URIC ACID CRYSTALS

UROERYTHRIN

URINARY PIGMENT THAT GIVES OFF THE DARK YELLOW/ORANGE COLOR OF A URINE

UROBILIN

THIS IMPARTS THAT COLOR TO A URINE THAT’S NOT FRESH (INDICATOR)

UROBILIN

IF THE URINE IS NOT FRESH, BACTERIA WILL CONVERT UROBILINOGEN INTO?

UROBILIN

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS COLORLESS/STRAW, THIS MAY INDICATE?

RECENT FLUID INTAKE

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS PALE YELLOW, THIS MAY INDICATE?

POLYURIA, DILUTED RANDOM SPECIMEN

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS DARK YELLOW, THIS MAY INDICATE?

CONCENTRATED URINE, STRENUOUS EXERCISE, FIRST MORNING URINE

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS AMBER, THIS MAY INDICATE?

DEHYDRATION, FEVER, BURNS

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS YELLOW GREEN TO YELLOW BROWN, THIS MAY INDICATE?

BILIRUBIN OXIDIZED INTO BILIVERDIN

IF THE COLOR OF THE URINE IS GREEN, THIS MAY INDICATE?

PSEUDOMONAS INFECTION

POSSIBLE COLOR OF THE URINE WHEN THERE IS INDICAN, AMITRIPTYLINE, METHOCARBANOL, CLORETS, METHYLENE BLUE AND CHLOROPHYLL

BLUE GREEN

PRESENCE OF INTACT RBC IN THE URINE PRESENTS WHAT COLOR/CLARITY

CLOUDY/SMOKY

DEMONSTRATION OF INTACT RBCS IN A GIVEN URINE SAMPLE

HEMATURIA

PRESENCE OF INTACT RBC IN THE URINE IS AN INDICATOR THAT A PATIENT MAY HAVE?

UPPER/LOWER URINARY TRACT BLEEDING

PRESENCE OF HEMOGLOBIN IN THE URINE PRESENTS WHAT COLOR/CLARITY

CLEAR/RED

LYSIS OF ERYTHROCYTES INSIDE THE BLOOD VESSEL

INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS