RADPATHO 1

Chemicals

The lowest level of organization is the ____ level. All ____ necessary for maintaining life are composed of atoms, which are joined in various ways to form molecules. Various chemicals in the form of molecules are organized to form cells.

Cells

the basic structural and functional unit of all living tissue. Every single part of the body, whether muscle, bone, cartilage, fat, nerve, skin, or blood, is composed of this

Tissues

are cohesive groups of similar cells that, together with their intercellular material, perform a specific function.

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscular

4. Nervous

The four basic types of tissue are as follows:

Organ

• When complex assemblies of tissues are joined to perform a specific function,

• usually have a specific shape

• Examples of this of the human body are the kidneys, heart, liver, lungs, stomach, and brain.

System

• consists of a group or an association of organs that have a similar or common function.

Organism

The 10 systems of the body when functioning together make up the total organism—one living being.

• Dorsal

• Cranial

• Vertebral

• Ventral

• Thoracic

• Abdominopelvic

Body Cavity

Dorsal cavity

is a continuous cavity located on the dorsal side of the body. It houses the organs of the upper central nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. The meninges is a multi-layered membrane within the dorsal cavity that envelops and protects the brain and spinal cord.

Cranial Cavity

is the anterior portion of the dorsal cavity consisting of the space inside the skull. This cavity contains the brain, the meninges of the brain, and cerebrospinal fluid.

Vertebral cavity

• is the posterior portion of the dorsal cavity and contains the structures within the vertebral column. These include the spinal cord, the meninges of the spinal cord, and the fluid-filled spaces between them.

• This is the most narrow of all body cavities, sometimes described as threadlike.

ventral cavity

• the interior space in the front of the body, contains many different organ systems.

• also called viscera.

• has anterior and posterior portions divided by the diaphragm, a sheet of skeletal muscle found beneath the lungs.

Thoracic cavity

• is the anterior ventral body cavity found within the rib cage in the torso.

• It houses the primary organs of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, such as the heart and lungs, but also includes organs from other systems, such as the esophagus and the thymus gland.

abdominoplevic cavity

• is the posterior ventral body cavity found beneath the thoracic cavity and diaphragm. It is generally divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Anatomic Position

is standing erect with the head, eyes and toes pointing forward, feet together with arms by the side. The palms of the hands are also point forward.

Longitudinal planes

• Coronal

• Sagittal

Horizontal plane

• Transverse

A plane is a flat surface passed through the body or a portion of the body.

Body planes are divided into:

Sagittal Plane (Median plane)

A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.

Coronal or (Frontal)

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.

Axial Plane (Transverse Plane)

A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.

Oblique Plane

is a longitudinal or transverse plane that is at an angle or slant and is not parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal plane.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body (On the outer side of) e.g. the arms are ____ to the chest.

Medial

Near to the midline of the body (On the Inner side of) e.g. the chest is ____ to the arms

Superior ( cephalic/ cranial) -

Towards the head end or towards the upper part of a structure (above) e.g. The head is ___ to the chest.

Inferior (Caudal)

Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure (Below) e.g. the abdomen is ____ to the chest.

Anterior (ventral)

Towards or at front of the body (in front of) e.g. The sternum is ____ to the spine.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Towards or at the back of the body (Behind) e.g. The heart is____ to the sternum.

Proximal

Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk

Distal

Farther or away from the origin of the body part or the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Superficial

Towards or at the body surface e.g. The skin is ____ to the skeletal muscles

Deep

Away from the body surface (more internal)

e.g. The skeletal muscles are ____ to the skin

Joints movement Terms

• Abduction

• Adduction

• Flexion

• Extension

• Inversion

• Eversion

• Pronation

• Supination

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body or body part.

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body or body part.

Flexion

Decrease in the angle of a joint by bending

Extension

Increase in the angle of joint or straightening of a joint

Inversion

Turning of foot inward at the ankle joint.

Eversion

Turning of the foot outward at the ankle joint.

Pronation

Turning the hand so that the palm is down or onto one's stomach

Suspination

Turning the hand so the palm is facing upward or turning onto one's back.

Erect “upright”

Position when the Sagittal and coronal planes of the body are perpendicular to the horizon

Recumbent "lying down"

Position when the transverse plane of the body is perpendicular to the horizon

Fowler's Position

A person in the Fowler's position is sitting leaning slightly back 45o - 90o.legs may either be straight or bent.

Trendelenburg Position

A person in this position is lying supine with head slightly lower than their feet.

Sim's Position

A near lateral Left anterior oblique (Left Sim's) OR right anterior oblique with the top leg in front the lower leg.

hypersthenic

body habitus

• Deep broad thorax

• Short thoracic cavity

• Short wide heart

• Elevated diaphragm

• Stomach and GB very high

• Colon high and wide

sthenic

body habitus

• Lightly longer and shallow thorax

• Ribs more vertical

• Heart narrow and longer

• Thoracic cavity longer

• Diaphragm is not as high

• Colon slightly lower and more centrally located.

hyposthenic

body habitus

• Thorax longer

• Diaphragm lower

• Stomach and GB lower and close to midline.

• Colon lower

asthenic

body habitus

• Exaggeration of Hyposthenic type

• Thorax narrow and shallow

• Heart longer and narrow

• Thoracic cavity longer

• Diaphragm is very low

• Stomach and GB very lower, vertical and near midline.