(PART 2) OINTMENTS, CREAMS, AND GELS

Creams

- Are semi-solid preparations containing one or more medicinal agents dissolved or dispersed in either oil-in-water emulsion or water-in-oil emulsions or in another type of water-washable base
- Easier to Remove

Ointments

Dry Skin

Creams

Discharge on the Skin

Gels

Are semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small (clear) or large (not clear) molecules in aqueous liquid vehicle rendered jellylike by the addition of the gelling agent

Synthetic Macromolecules: Carbomer 934 (Carpobol)
Cellulose Derivatives: Carboxymethycellulose/ Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose
Natural Gums: Tragacanth

Gelling Agents Examples:

Carbopol
Dispersion & Hydration
Neutralize

Formation of Gels

Carbopol

Formation of Gels
1st: Is a high molecular weight polymer, often used as a gelling agent. It is typically available as a white, fluffy powder.

Dispersion & Hydration

Formation of Gels (2nd)
- The Carbopol powder is dispersed into water, either manually or using automatic equipment (e.g., a mixer or homogenizer). It is important to ensure that the Carbopol is evenly dispersed in the water to avoid clumps.
- The dispersed Carbopol needs to hydrate, meaning the water molecules must fully interact with the polymer. This step helps the Carbopol swell and form a gel structure.

Acidic

When Carbopol is added to water, the pH of the water tends to decrease, making it?
Note: Due to the acidic nature of the polymer.

Neutralization

Formation of Gels (3rd)
- To activate its gelling properties and to bring the pH back to a neutral or slightly alkaline range.
- A base or alkalinizer, such as Triethanolamine (TEA), is added to neutralize the acidity of the Carbopol dispersion. The base interacts with the acidic groups on the Carbopol, causing the polymer chains to uncoil and form a gel.
- Once complete, the formulation will start to thicken and transition into a gel consistency.

Single Phased Gels
Two Phased Gels

TYPES OF GELS

Single Phased Gels

TYPES OF GELS
Are gels in which the macromolecules are uniformly distributed.

Aloe Vera

Example of Single Phased Gels

Two Phased Gels

TYPES OF GELS
A gel mass consisting of floccules of small distinct particles is termed a two-phased system, often referred to as a magma.

Milk of Magnesia / Magnesia Magma

Example of Two Phased Systems
Consist of a gelatinous precipitate of magnesium hydroxide

Large- Mouth Containers Jars
Metal/ Plastic Tubes

Ointments and other semi-solid preparations are packaged either in?

5g to 30g

Ointment for topical use range sizes?

Type of Base

In addition to the usual labelling requirements for pharmaceutical products, the USP directs for certain ointments and creams include the? (water soluble/ water insoluble)

back end

FILLING OINTMENTS JARS AND TUBES
Tubes are filled from the open ________ of the tub, opposite from the cap end.

poured

FILLING OINTMENTS JARS AND TUBES
Ointment prepared by fusion may be _______ while still soft

Directly

FILLING OINTMENTS JARS AND TUBES
Ointments that are viscous _______ into the tubes with caution to prevent stratification of the components.

Crimping Tool/ Clip

FILLING OINTMENTS JARS AND TUBES
The bottom of the tube is flattened, folded, and sealed with a?

Transdermal Semi- Solid Preparations

This is often accomplished by addition of penetration enhancers to the topical vehicle.

Dimethyl sulfoxide
Ethanol
Propylene glycol
Glycerin
PEG
Urea
Dimethyl acetamide
SLS
Poloxamers
Spans & Tweens
Lecithin

Penetration Enhancers Examples:

Pluronic Lecithin Organogel

A transdermal preparation commonly compounded is?
Consists of the Pluronic F127 Gel mixed at a ratio of approximately 1:5 with a mixture of equal parts. (This gel vehicle aids in rapid penetration of many active drugs through the skin.)

Pastes
Plasters
Glycerogelatins
Lotions

MISCELLANEOUS SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS

Pastes

MISCELLANEOUS SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS
- Are semi-solid preparations intended for application to the skin. They are generally containing a larger proportion of solid material than ointment therefore they are stiffer.
- They remain in place after application and are application and are effectively employed to absorb serous secretions

Zinc Oxide Paste ( Lassar’s Plain Zinc Paste)

Example of a Paste

Zinc Oxide
Starch
White Petrolatum

Zinc Oxide Paste which is prepared by mixing 25% of?

Emollient
Protective

Uses of Pastes

Plasters

MISCELLANEOUS SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS
Are solid or semi-solid adhesive masses spread on a backing of a paper, fabric, moleskin, or plastic.

Rubber Base
Synthetic Resin

The adhesive material of a plaster is a?

Salonpas

Example of a Plaster

Unmedicated
Medicated

Types of Plaster

Unmedicated Plaster

Types of Plaster
Provide protection or mechanical support at the site of application.

Medicated Plasters

Types of Plaster
- Provides effects at the site of application.
- They may be cut to size to the surface to be covered.

Salicylic Acid

Example of Medicated Plaster
(used on the toes for the removal of corns)

Glycerogelatins

MISCELLANEOUS SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS
Are applied to the skin for long term. They are melted before application, cooled slightly above body temperature applied to the affected area with a brush.

Zinc Gelatin

Example of Glycerogelatin
- Used in the treatment of varicose.

Gelatin (15%)
Glycerin (40%)
Water (35%)
Medicinal Substance (10%)

Glycerogelatins are plastic masses containing:

Lotions

MISCELLANEOUS SEMI-SOLID PREPARATIONS
- These are liquid preparations intended for external application to the skin.
- Contain finely subdivided particles insoluble in their dispersion medium, are suspended with the use of suspending agent.
- They are intended to be applied to the skin for the protective or therapeutic value of their constituents.
- Their fluidity permits rapid uniform application over a wide surface area.
- Are intended to dry on the skin soon after application leaving a coat of their medicinal surface

Calamine
Phenolated Calamine
White Lotion

Examples of Lotions

Calamine Lotion

Examples of Lotions
- It contains 8% each of zinc oxide and calamine (anti-itching).
- Is categorized as protectant and is useful in relieving the itching and pain of sunburn, insects’ bites and other minor skin irritation. - The pink color helps disguise the presence of the lotion on the skin.
- This lotion should be thoroughly shaken before use.

Iron/Ferric Oxide

What cause calamine to be pink in color?

Phenolated Calamine Lotion

Examples of Lotions
- It contains 1% of liquefied phenol in calamine lotion.
- It has an antipruritic activity.
- To maintain the phenol concentration, the container must be tightly closed.

White Lotion

Examples of Lotions
Is used in the treatment of acne and other skin conditions responsive to the antiseptic activity of sulfur.

Zinc Sulfate
Sulfurated Potash

White Lotion contains 4% of?