Cell Injury and Apoptosis

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell injury, types of cell death, and relevant mechanisms in necrosis and apoptosis.

What type of cell injury is characterized by irreversible membrane damage and calcium influx?

Irreversible cell injury.

What is the main microscopic feature seen in liquefactive necrosis?

The tissue architecture is not preserved.

What type of necrosis is associated with 'cheesy' appearance and commonly seen in tuberculosis?

Caseous necrosis.

What is the hallmark of apoptosis?

Nuclear chromatin condensation.

What is the process called that leads to programmed cell death without inflammation?

Apoptosis.

Which caspases are involved in the execution phase of apoptosis?

Caspase 3, 6, and 7.

What is necroptosis?

Caspase-independent programmed cell death.

What type of necrosis occurs in the brain due to rich hydrolytic enzymes?

Liquefactive necrosis.

What are the nuclear changes seen in irreversible cell injury?

Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis.

What is the name of the phenomenon where cells shrink and form membrane-bound bodies during apoptosis?

Apoptotic bodies.

What clinical condition is characterized by excessive cell growth due to a lack of regulation?

Cancer.

In apoptosis, what signals do apoptotic bodies send to macrophages?

'Eat me' signals by flipping of phosphatidylserine.

What does the term 'fibrinoid necrosis' refer to?

A type of necrosis associated with antigen-antibody reactions.

Which type of cell death is characterized by features of both necrosis and apoptosis?

Necroptosis.

What is the pathological process characterized by the denaturation of proteins, often seen in coagulative necrosis?

Infarction.

What is the primary factor that influences the presence of fat necrosis in injuries?

Rich in lipase due to pancreatitis.

What is the first pathway involved in apoptosis initiated by extrinsic factors?

Extrinsic pathway triggering caspase activation.

What histological change is most indicative of apoptosis?

Nuclear chromatin condensation.

What can excessive granulation tissue lead to in the wound healing process?

Keloids or hypertrophic scars.

What is the typical appearance of collagen in a keloid?

Thick haphazard bundles of collagen.

What type of necrosis is least likely to be seen in solid organs like the brain and pancreas?

Coagulative necrosis.