paul willis “learning to labour”

What does Willis think the experience of being a working class ‘lad’ at school prepares them for?

Prepares young people for the boredom of manual labour by allowing them to develop a distinct set of values as a coping mechanism

What is the purpose of the “having a laff” culture according to Willis?

It helps “the lads” cope with the tedium of manual work by creating their own enjoyment and rebellion.

What does the anti-school subculture value more than grades or qualifications?

Peer approval and social recognition, not academic success.

In Willis’ study, what was considered the worst thing to be?

An “ear’ole” — a teacher’s pet or swot.

Despite the different path, what is the outcome for “the lads” in Willis’ view?

They still become an easily exploitable workforce serving capitalism.

How do “the lads” express rebellion at work according to Willis?

Through minor acts like humor and mockery, which help prevent real revolutionary change.

What type of Marxism is Willis’ work an example of?

Neo-Marxism — it focuses more on culture and agency than strict structural determinism.

Do neo-Marxists like Willis think schools intentionally prepare students for exploitation?

No, they argue it happens through unconscious processes, not deliberate intent by teachers or policymakers.