AP World Unit 8.3 (Cram)

Nonviolence

A strategy of peaceful resistance used to bring about social or political change without using physical force—emphasizes moral power over violence.

Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi

Leader of India's independence movement who championed nonviolence (ahimsa) and civil disobedience to resist British rule; inspired movements around the world.

Caste Reservation in India

A system in modern India that reserves spots in education, government jobs, and politics for historically disadvantaged castes (like Dalits), aimed at reducing inequality.

Martin Luther King Jr.

American civil rights leader who fought against racial segregation using nonviolent protest, inspired by Gandhi; famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

U.S. law that banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public places, schools, employment, and more—major victory for civil rights.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

U.S. law that protected voting rights by banning literacy tests and other tactics used to disenfranchise Black voters, especially in the South.

Apartheid

A system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa (1948-1994) that separated people by race in housing, education, jobs, and more—brutally enforced.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress (ANC) who was imprisoned for 27 years, then became South Africa's first Black president in 1994.