Asian Worlds 2nd Semester Final

Maratha Confederacy

-1674 to 1818

-union of marathis

-pro hindu self rule

-rose to power under shivaji (1674 to 1680)

-marks decline of mughals

-deccan plateau region

Vasco da Gama

-portuguese explorer

-found safe route to india, came to calicut in 1498

-"age of exploration"

-allowed for portuguese to set up permanent site in 1506, trading posts

-captured goa which would later become portuguese india capital

-later on traders had to go through portuguese controlled ports and pay tax

British East India Company

-joint stock company built on negotiation with jahanghir

-got "foot in the door" as a weak european compan

-og focus was just to profit off of indian trade/taxing

-created colony of exploitation, "civilising mission"

-used the idea of reform to justify exploiting and abusing indian resources/people

Bengal

-wealthy area of south asia

Battle of Plassey

-1757

-battle that established BEIC control over india

Sir Robert Clive

-key figure in establishing beic control in india

-established company rule

-helped win battle of plassey

Diwani

-right to civil administration and collect taxes in bengal

Treaty of Allahabad

-granted gvt of bengal to BEIC

-sir robert clive + mughal emperor

-marked start of company rule

colony of exploitation

-colony used by foreigners

-land isnt as important, intention is not to settle but to make profit off of colony thru taxes/trade/monopolies

Sati

-hindu custom of widow self-immolation (setting fire to oneself as sacrifice)

-criticized by beic

Oudh

-historic city in india

-passage of doctrine of lapse allowed for conquest of the city and was final insult by british

-large factor in sepoy rebellion

-became a district in bengal, lost state sovereignty

Doctrine of Lapse

-native states like oudh that didnt have a clear successor fell under british conquest

-main example is oudh

Sepoys

-indian troops who served in brit army

-sepoy rebellion

Company Rule

beic rule over diff parts of india--COMPANY, not nation/gvt

Sepoy Rebellion

-indian soldiers under brit army rebellion AND also muslims, hindus

-led to end of mughal rule and beic

-diff factors:

------greased cartridges, oudh, economic exploitation, mistreatment, segregation, conversion attempts from evangelical Christians, etc

1858 Gvt of India Act

-parliament act to give control of beic-ruled parts of india to british raj

-after sepoy rebellion fallout

British Raj

-period and territory of direct brit colonial rule in india

-1858 to 1947

Qing Dynasty

-1644 to 1911

-last imperial dynasty

-manchu led

-kept china isolated

-silver trading for chinese goods (didnt buy anything, just sold + hoarded silver)

-1/3 of world trade

-inspection tours; by kangxi emperor and carried on by qianlong emperor

-bigass painted scrolls

-autarky: economically self sufficient

Manchus

-sedentary agriculturists

-defeated the ming

Qianlong Emperor !!!LEADER!!!

-1736 to 1795

-declined macartney mission w qianlong's mandate

-created canton system

-banned opium, causing 1st opium war

-continued inspection tours with the scrolls

-"how can our dynasty alter its whole procedure and system of etiquette, established for more than a century, in order to meet your individual views?" (qianlong emperor, qianlong mandate)

Canton System

-1757 to 1842

-in guangzhou, which the brits called canton

-separated foreigners from chinese

-basically created ghettos

-housing = "factories"

-funneled all trade to canton and taxed hella yet europeans still found trade success

-qianlong emperor created

-hongs/cohongs

Cohong

-licensed intermediaries/guild to conduct business and trade

-concentrated to canton

Macartney Mission

-british sent lord macartney to glaze qianlong emperor for his bday

-aims: offset trade imbalance (show brit tech), get favorable trade position (more ports + reduced tariffs), gain possession of an island to trade from, direct access to qing court + brit embassy in beijing

-did NOT work

Qianlong's Mandate

-response to macartney mission

-said HELL NO basically

-stand for Chinese sovereignty

1st Opium War

-1839 to 1842

-conflict over brit opium trade, economic downturn and less productivity

-opium banned by qianlong emperor in 1796

-brits work around ban and gain trade surplus

-lin zexu

-brits wanted to go to war bc they'd win; feit accompli

-caused treaty of nanjing and started unequal treaties

Lin Zexu

-high ranking scholar official, anti opium trade and anti foreigners

-tasked w ending opium trade

-wrote queen victoria letter

-arrested 1700 chinese opium dealers and destroyed 70,000 pipes

-tea for opium

-blocaded foerign quarters and threatened death upon opium dealers, ended up trapping merchants

-1000ish chests of opium (brit property) sunk

Treaty of Nanjing

-august 1842

-ended 1st opium war

-plenepotentiaries

-unequal treaty

-starts century of humiliation

-decreed: more ports open to brit trade and residence, brit right to consular officials in china, fixed tariffs, 21 mil silver indemnity, brit and chinese officials are equals, brit control of hong kong, abolished cohongs

Indemnity

-payment for losses in war

-lots in chinas unequal treaty

Extraterritoriality

-foreigners can disregard laws of host country

-given to brits by treaty of bogue

Hong Kong

-given to brits after 1st opium war

2nd Opium War

-1856 to 1860

-china refused to renegotiate treaty of nanjing even tho brits had favored nation status

-opium smuggling: ships w opium under brit flag

-chinese capture unregistered ship w opium and lower brit flag ALLEGEDLY

-chinese refuse to apologize

-brits, us, and french attack

-treaty of tianjin

Treaty of Tianjin

-1858

-legalized opium trade

-decreed: embassies in beijing, more port cities for trade, no restriction on foreign travel, free travel for foreign ships on yangtze, 4 mil indemnity

-didnt end war bc was never ratified

Unequal Treaties

-signed by chinese under threat of war

-china was not powerful enough to fight back

Taiping Rebellion

-1851 to 1864

-anti manchu, anti qing peasant uprising

-led by hong xiuquan

-put down by qing alliance with french and brits

-20 to 100 mil dead

Hong Xiuquan !!!LEADER!!!

-religious leader of taiping rebellion

-thought he was brother of jesus????? bc of dream

-failed gvt exams like all the time, moved to canton to study

-learned Christianity in canton

-anti manchu/qing

-charismatic

-wanted utopian society

-gains large following

Empress Dowager Cixi !!!LEADER!!!

-last effective ruler of qing

-originally concubine to previous emperor

-oversaw tongzhi restoration as her son was emperor, process is believe to have allowed qing dynasty to hang on for much longer

-controls nephew guangxu emperor until scholar kang yuwei gains his ear

-carries out coup on guangxu

-ends 100 days reform

-supported boxer rebellion at first

Self-Strengthening Movement

-chinese program of internal reform

-confucian principles

-limited west interaction

-modernization

Meiji Restoration

-program of rapid modernization/westernization in Japan

-made Japan a world power

-relationships with dutch, us

1st Sino-Japanese War

-china v japan fight over korea

-japan easily wins due to meiji restoration, embarrassing china and its outdated military hella

-treaty of shimonoseki

Treaty of Shimonoseki

-ended 1st sino japanese war

-japan gains control of korea, pescadores, and taiwan

-indemnity of 16 mil

-opens ports for japanese

-most favored nation status to japan

-devastating for chinese

100 Day's Reform

-guangxu attempts to reform china, cixi carries out coup before anything can come of the reforms

-guangxu was influenced by western and confuctian educated scholar kang youwei

-over 40 royal edicts including: abolishing civil service exams, creating western style education, constitutional monarchy, adopting capitalist economy, military modernization/industrialization

-leaders/supporters of the movement exiled to japan after movement crushed

Emperor Guangxu

-nephew of cixi

-began 100 days reform, 40 edicts focused on modernization/westernization

-advised by kang youwei

Boxer Rebellion

-1898 to 1901

-first organized anti-colonial revolt in china

-society of righteous and harmonious fists aka boxers

-anti foreign influence in china, specifically christian missionaries/converts

-originally backed by cixi

-defeated by 8 army alliance

8 Army Alliance

-us, germany, japan, russia, great brit, france, italy, austria-hungary

-helped china defeat boxer rebellion (EASILY)

-led to boxer protocol

Boxer Protocol/Indemnity

-unequal treaty

-ended boxer rebellion

-signed in 1901

-between qing, 8 army alliance, spain belgium and netherlands despite last 3 doing nothing

-450 mil indemnity over the next 39 years, chinese payed in gold with 4% interest

-foreign legation in beiijng w/o chinese residence

-many boxers executed

-anti foreign societies abolished and death penalized

-foreign powers allowed to station troops in china

Puyi

-last emperor of china

-became emperor at age 2 (1908)

-abdicated in 1912

-puppet emperor of manchukuo

-asset to CCP as propaganda later in life

Marxism

-most famous socialist belief

-by karl marx

-class struggle to create utopia

-bourgeoisie vs proletariat (rich capitalists vs poor workers)

-once in utopia, focus on species being (creative labor), communal production, no class distinction or private property

Karl Marx

-late enlightenment thinker

-1818 to 1883

-developed marxism

-wrote communist manifesto which had bourgeoisie v proletariat concept

Bourgeoisie

rich capitalist class in marxism, owned "means of production"

Proletariat

poor laboring class in marxism

Socialism

-came out of industrial revolution

-democratic election

-individual owned property

-market requires gvt supervision

-distrubuted amongst people

-exists on spectrum

Communism

-capitalism abolished

-requires revolution and period of socialism, "seizing means of production" (many communist states got stuck at socialist stage and became authoritarian)

-classless, no property or personal anything

1911 Revolution (10/10 Revolution or Xinhai Revolution)

-members of qing gvt military revolt in 1911

-set off by wuchang uprising

-provinces began to secede from qing

-rebels declare founding of the peoples republic of china on jan 1, 1912

-nationalist-led, influenced by tongmenhui

-------tongmenhui were revolutionaries founded by sun yat-sen, from japan bc yat-sen fled after 100 days reform

The Republic of China

-founded jan 1, 1912

-no monarch

-constitutional monarchy w japan as model

-19 articles from 1911, didn't last long

Sun Yat-sen !!!LEADER!!!

-fled china after 100 days reform

-founded KMT in 1919

-3 peoples principles

--advocated for minzu (civic nationalism)

---unite "five races under 1 union"

--advocated for minquan (democracy)

--advocated for minsheng (people's livelihood)

---socialist beliefs

-founded tongmenhui

-not communist but had support from lenin

3 People's Principles

sun yat sens central beliefs:

-minzu (civic nationalism)

--unite "five races under 1 union"

-minquan (democracy)

-minsheng (people's livelihood)

--socialist beliefs

Yuan Shi-Kai !!!LEADER!!!

-qing turns to him as only person to quell xinhai rebellion

-leader of qing army

-appointed PM and basically destroys qing from inside to become leader

-realized xinhai rebellion will succeed and negotioates w sun yat-sen to become president

-convinces puyi to abdicate

-once PM, attacked KMT bc many members advocated system of gvt that would check his power

-eventually gained enough power and was appointed "hongxian emperor"

-abdicated and died in 1916

warlord period

-1916 to 1928

-no definite leader of china

-formed after power vacuum in china following yuan shi kais death

-consistent war between regional leaders/warlord factions

Nationalists (Kuomintang/KMT)

-founded by sun yat sen in 1919

-support from soviet union, lenin wanted to cultivate communist ideology

-nationalist ideation

-wanted to control china under 1 gvt during warlord period

Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

-founded in 1921 by chen dixiu and li dazhao and MAO ZEDONG

-current party

-instructed to join kmt by soviets to make kmt more left-focused during 1st united front

-came out of may fourth movement (anti traditional confucianism)

-long march

-1st and 2nd united fronts + civil war

1st United Front

-1923 to 1927

-kmt and ccp come together to stop warlords

-both lenin and sun yat-sen die, causing power vacuum and ending the allyship

Chiang Kai-Shek/Jiang Jieshi !!!LEADER!!!

-1887 to 1975

-disciple of sun yat-sen

-lead kmt after his death

-consolidates kmt military but wasnt that good w politics

-nationalist and arguably facist

-studied soviet system in moscow

-anti-communist and targets ccp

-executes around 300,000 communists, beginning in shanghai (shanghai massacre)

-actions cause end of 1st united front

-northern expedition and nanjing decade

Shanghai Massacre

-1917

-start of chiang kai-sheks anti-ccp campaign

-killed ~12,000 suspected communists

-ended 1st united front

Northern Expedition

-1926 to 1928

-led by chiang kai shek to end warlord period

-started 'nanjing decade' of peace + prosperity where gvt had real control over most of china

Long March

-1934 to 1935

-ccp retreat from kmt attacks

-towards yenan where they settled, became ccp headquaters

-mao zedong emerges as leader

-bunch of people died, very perilous

-big moment in ccp history

Mao Zedong !!!LEADER!!!

-1893 to 1976

-paramount leader of ccp (1949 to 1976)

-founded prc

-helped found ccp

-emerged as leader after long march

-maoism

-five year plans

-hundred flowers movement

-great famine

-cultural revolution

-great leap forward

-btw think about how many of these failed badly even tho mao was crazy cultural symbol

-brought china out of century of humiliation

-positives: mobilized citizens, symbol of hope, super communist, efficient land reform, anti-colonial

-got his feelings hurt a lot

-"marxism comprises many principles, but in the final analysis they can all be brought back to a single sentence: it is right to rebel" (mao, 1939)

-"the policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend is designed to promote the flourishing of the arts and the progress of science" (mao)

-"the world is yours, as well as ours, but in the last analysis, it is yours. you young people, full of vigor and vitality, are in the bloom of life, like the sun at eight or nine in the morning. our hope is placed in you. the world belongs to you. China's future belongs to you." (mao, 1957)

-"the proletariat must emancipate not only itself, but all mankind. if it cannot emancipate all mankind, then the proletariat itself will not be able to achieve full emancipation." (mao)

-"the cultural revolution now unfolding is a great revolution that touches people to their very souls and constitutes a new stage in the development of the socialist revolution, a stage which is both broader and deeper." (mao)

Maoism

-marxism-leninism as interpreted by mao

-peasant-centric revolution for communism

-aka mao zedong thought

-writings on agricultural communism and guerilla warfare

Land Reform

-often violent taking and division of land from landlords to rural peasants

-big part of maoism

2nd Sino-Japanese War

-1937 to 1945

-ended nanjing decade

-fighting on marco polo bridge in beijing between japan and china over manchukuo and japanese encroachments into chinese territory, chinese thought violation of boxer protocol

-escalated into WWII

Manchukuo

-puppet state established in manchuria in 1932

-headed by former emperor puyi

-center of conflict in 2nd sino-japan war

Chinese Civil War

-between kmt and ccp

-began in 1927 after chiang kai shek turned on ccp + ended first united front

-paused for 2nd united front, 1937-45

-ended in 1949 with ccp victory and prc establishment

-kmt flee to taiwan

2nd United Front

-1937 to 1945

-interrupts chinese civil war to fight japanese

-had to bring european and us allies to end fight

'Dixie Mission'

-1944 to 1947

-us dissatisfied w kmt help in WWII and think they're corrupt

-materials send by us to kms were hoarded even tho they were supposed to be shared w ccp

-us send military personne to Yenan to see if ccp need more aid

-ppl in dixie mission sent back super positive reports ab ccp

-john service and john davies most notable

McCarthyism

-senator joseph mccarthy accuses johns of being communists

-in us

-mass hysteria over communism between 1949 to 1955

-debates on "who lost china" , ccp sympathizers blamed

The People's Republic of China

-founded by mao october 1, 1949

-us doesnt recognize as real country during cold war

5 Year Plans

-china modeled after stalin + ussr

-economic plans to industrialize and modernize china

-first was focused on industrial output

-great leap forward

100 Flowers Movement

-1956 to 57

-mao encourages constructive criticism of ccp, gets feelings hurt as they grew

-goal was to unalienate intellectuals from ccp

-"the policy of letting a hundred flowers bloom and a hundred schools of thought contend is designed to promote the flourishing of the arts and the progress of science" (mao zedong)

-mounted in an anti-rightist campaign

Anti-Rightist Campaign

-1957

-launched by mao in response to criticism from the 100 flowers movement

-ccp cracks down on non-communists, labeled rightists

-around 300,000 rightists sent to labor/reeducation camps and some executed

-lost people w expertise bc of this

-also eliminated ccp critics in media

Great Leap Foward

-1958 to 1961

-2nd five year plan

-didnt work

-move china from agrarian to industrial society, distinctly Chinese five year plan

-collectivization: private land becomes people/state owned

-goal was to "leap over" uk in 15 yrs and us in 20

-overly ambitious quotas

-farmers to 'peoples communes,' work for work points, food + living provided

-required a lot of propaganda to garner favor

-as encouraged by ccp, people melted scrap and general metal in backyard furnaces to create steel for industrialization, created poor quality metal and workers also lost valuable metal resources

-falsified production reports to seem more successful

-caused great famine

The Great Famine

-1959 to 62

-relatively covered up by gvt

-caused by GLF failure

-falsified production reports didnt reflect on the ground situation, inability to distribute limited resources, skilled farmers moved to industrial work or reeducation camps

-between 15 to 55 mil people die

-ALSO HAPPENED IN INDIA

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

-1966 to 76

-mao attempt to stir up communist/revolutionary fervor and return to ccp spotlight as his generation loses motivation + he is sidelined after GLF failure

-labels deng xioping and liu shaoqi as pragmaticists

-led by the youth at first

phase 1: increasing radicalization (1966 to 1969)

-mao supports red guard protests, calls for the "4 bigs" which comprise the "big democracy"

--big release, big outcry, big debates, big characters

-red guards attack 4 olds

-mao is shocked by vigor of CR

-petty conflicts erupt in red guard surrounding "who can be the most revolutionary" and the little red book

--workers seize factories from ccp, people attack and denounce ccp members outright

-liu shaoqi arrested and dies in prison, upsets communists

phase 2: PLA is brought in (1969 to 73)

-mao calls in ppls liberation army to quash red guard + radicalists (death estimate between 100k to 2 mil)

-lin biao, maos friend and pla general, allegedly attempts coup on mao

--shot down in Mongolia, death + other details covered up

--proves to mao that CR is hopeless

phase 3: the aftermath (1973 to 76)

-ccp reputation and leaders in jeopardy

-deng xiaoping sent to countryside, zhou enlai would have as well but had cancer

-mao and zhou enlai both die in 76, bringing CR to a close and ruining ccp dreams of socialist revolution

-gang of four arrested in 76 to take blame off of mao

Red Guards

-paramilitary group of radical youth during cultural revolution, lots of students, originally idolized mao

-attacked the "four olds"

--old ideas, old habits, old customs, and old cultures

--targeted old confucian/buddhist ideas

Little Red Book

-big among red guard

-book of mao's quotes, beliefs and sayings

"counter-revolutionaries"/"capitalist roaders"

-people who would take china down a "capitalist road"

-deng xiaopeng and liu shaoqi

pragmatists

-ccp politicians who were "practical," more moderate in reforms

-zhou enlai, deng xiaopeng

Ping Pong Diplomacy

-1971

-us ping pong player is left behind and stays w chinese player who was very friendly

-mao senses an opportunity to recontruct us-china relations after cold war

-invites all of us ping pong team all expenses paid to china

Nixon Visit

-1972

-nixon visits china to repair us-china relations

-us china normalization

-issues shanghai communique at the end of trip

Shanghai Communique

-issued after nixon visit in 1972

-us and china agreed to...

--move toward détente (aka easing hostility in cold mar)

--one china policy (china is prc and taiwan is apart of)

1976

-for some reason is a key term??????

-mao dies, zhao enlai dies, gang of 4 arrested

Gang of Four

-radical group consisting of jiang qing (maos wife) + political allies yao wenyuan, zhang chunqiao, and wang hongwen that formed during CR

-attempted to seize power and were stopped by deng

-were arrested and blamed for CR failure in 1976

-arrest marked the end of CR

Deng Xioaping !!!LEADER!!!

-1904 to 1997

-former paramount leader of ccp in chairman position

-labeled as pragmatist and sent to labor camp during CR (1969 to 73)

-opposed by gang of 4 and mao, villianized during CR

-outmanouvered hua guofeng to become de facto leader by 1979

-'socialism w Chinese characteristics' reforms

-moved ccp away from ideological purity

-believed Chinese communist and socialist beliefs needed to take historical context into account

-'opened china up' to the world

-"it doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, as long as it catches mice it is a good cat" (deng)

-"planning and market forces are not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity." (deng)

-"[T]he overriding task in China today is to throw ourselves heart and soul into the modernization drive. While giving play to the advantages inherent in socialism, we are also employing some capitalist methods -- but only as methods of accelerating the growth of the productive forces. It is true that some negative things have appeared in the process, but what is more important is the gratifying progress we have been able to achieve by initiating these reforms and following this road. China has no alternative but to follow this road. It is the only road to prosperity." (deng)

Socialism with Chinese Characteristics

-deng's interpretation of socialism + economic policy in china by altering it drastically to fit chinas historical context w practical outcomes

-arguably capitalist

-rooted in the four modernizations, as introduced by zhou enlai in 63

--agriculture, industry, defense, science/tech

--"decollectivized" farms

-special economic zones

Special Economic Zones/SEZs

-orginally 4, 1980

-part of deng's scc reforms

-economic regions where a free market could be 'experimented'

-basically areas that were cover ups for capitalist markets

Tiananmen Square Massacre

-1989

-soviet union is failing and chinese citizens begin to think capitalism = democracy

-pro-democracy protest consisting of mainly students in response to the death of hu yaobong, a liberal reformer

-hu's successor, zhao ziyang wants to talk peacefully but other leaders want to respond w violence

-martial law is declared while zhao is away (march 20, 1989)

-editorials posted calling students terrorists and counterrevolutionaries

--"true nature of the turmoil" repot issued by premier in ccp claiming protesters were infiltrated by us and 'bourgeois liberalism' was taking place in china

-military moves into square and massacres 1000s of students (june 4, 1989)

Xi Jinping !!!LEADER!!!

-1953 to now

-current president and paramount leader of china

-denounced as counterrevolutionary at 13

-sent to labor camp at 15

-comes back and works his way up the ranks

-abolished term limits in 2022, currently on third term

-the four comprehensives

--comprehensively...

---build a moderately prosperous society, deepen reform, govern the nation according to law, stricty govern the party

-core thought is redouble chinese commitment to socialism and improve china economically

-wide scale heavy handed reforms

-limited gaming??? idk why

-social credit system where citizens regulate e/o w a social credit score

-no violation too small ("killing tigers, swatting flies" quote)

-heavy internet censorship

-BRI

-scares the us hella

Belt + Road Initiative

-global infrastructure investment program

-china investest in infrastructure in smaller countries in exchange for debts

-146 out of 195 countries signed on BRI

-arguably neo-colonialism + debt trap diplomacy yet china hasn't seized any foreign assets yet

-lots of propaganda ab it, think of the creepyass vid

British Raj

-1858 to 1947

-direct brit colonial rule in inda

-originally claimed to keep gvt secular but altered caste and religion in India

-viceroys

-frequent census gathering, created the idea of categorizing via caste, race, gender etc in India

-brought more indians into gvt

-civil service exams implemented after WWII

-direct rule v princely states

-british monarchs were considered emperor/empress of India until partition

-recruited indian soldiers with 150k+ deployed around India

-the great game (1858 to 1947 but mainly 1900s)

--dispute over central/south asia between Russia and British empire, zero sum world

-transformed India into export-led economy

--cash cropping: opium, cotton, indigo, coffee, tea, wheat

-salt acts

-the great famine

-backed out right before partition

Viceroy

-british governor-general w a five person council

-gvt of India act of 1858

Princely States v. Direct Rule

-crown directly controlled 3/5 of india

-princely states were sovereign entities under an indian ruler but indirectly under british (~675 princely states)

-bascially bribes to ensure princely states stay loyal to raj

-"princely" to distinguish from brits

export-led economy

-economy led by exports literally just the name

-what the british turned india into under british raj using cash crops like indigo, cotton, coffee, tea, wheat, and mainly opium

-contributed to great famine bc all the food was being produced to be sold and farmland was being used to grow inedible products