SCIENCE FINALS CHAPTER 4

cotyledons

large food storage area in a seed that functions as the first “seed leaf” of a plant embryo

stomata

tiny openings in the surface of plant leaves that allow gases to enter and exit during photosynthesis

stamen

the male part of a flower

anther

the structure at the end of the stamen that contains structures that produce the spores that develop into pollen

pistil

the female part of a flower. It includes the stigma, style, and ovary.

ovary

one of the three structures that make up the female part of the flower and where the eggs form

style

the hollow stalk that rises up from the ovary and one of the three structures that make up the female part of a flower

stigma

the top of the style that is covered with hairs or a sticky material that traps pollen and is one of the three structures that make up the female part of a flower

monoecious

a plant that has perfect flowers or imperfect flowers of both sexes

dioecious

plants that have the male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers on different plants

polygamous

a plant that has both perfect flowers and imperfect flowers of both sexes

What is an Angiosperm?

are flowering vascular plants that encase their seeds in a fruit that grows from the female part of a flower. I.e. fruits and many vegetables we eat

Magnoliophyta

Between 75-80% of the total number of species in Kingdom Plantae
-Angiosperms form the base of most land food chains and provide the bulk of the food supply
-Angiosperms have a vascular system that moves water and nutrients well
-The division Angiospermae is divided into two classes: Liliopsida (aka Monocotyledonae or monocots) and Magnoliopsida (aka Dicotyledonae or dicots)
-Monocots
-Dicots

Monocots

-Parallel in leaves; vascular bundles, scattered uniformly in the stem
-Usually occur in multiples of 3
-One cotyledon
-Develop from lower end of embryo (radicle)
-Examples: Lily, iris, corn, bamboo, onion, tulip, rice, oat and banana

Dicots

-Form a netted pattern in leaves; vascular bundles arranged in a ring in the stem
-Usually occur in multiples of four or five
-Two cotyledons
-Develop from nodes in the stem
-Examples: bean, carnation, lettuce, rose, cactus, and most nonconiferous forest trees

Parts of an angiosperm

-roots
-stem
-leaves

Roots

anchor the plant into the ground, and are the structures many plants use to take in the water and dissolved nutrients through osmosis to make food through photosynthesis
-Plants store the food they make in their roots, and the root tips are covered with a structure called a root cap
-The xylem carries water and dissolved nutrients to the rest of the plant
-The phloem carries food made by photosynthesis to the leaves

Root cap

helps protect the root as it pushes through soil and rock and as the roots grow, cells in the root cap are rubbed off and replaced with new cells

stem

transports materials up and down between the roots and the leaves
-Leaves grow out of the stem at areas called nodes, spaces between the nodes are internodes
-Contain chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis similar to leaves
-Some plants have stems called stolons (runners) that grow along the ground instead of upright i.e. strawberrries
-Tubers are underground stems and new plants grow from the “eyes” or buds i.e. potatoes

Annual plants

the entire plant dies at the end of the growing season

biennial plants

the lower part of the stem survives to sprout buds during the second growing season

perennial plants

part of the plant’s stem survives, year after year, to sprout buds each year

leaves

The structures where many plants use to make food. Carbon dioxide enters a plant through tine holes called a stomata.
-Guard cells: structures in the epidermis of leaves that open and close to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move in and out of a leaf

Types of flowers

-Complete flowers
-Incomplete flowers
-Perfect flower
-Imperfect flower

Complete flower

flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more pistils

Incomplete flower

flowers that are missing one or more of parts

Perfect flower

flower that has both stamens anad or more pistils

Imperfect flower

flower that is missing stamens or pistils

Two types of symmetry

bilateral and radial

What kind of symmetry do regular flowers have?

radial symmetry

What kind of symmetry do irregular flowers have?

bilateral symmetry

What are the 4 types of classification in fruits

-Simple
-Accessory
-Aggregate
-Multiple

Angiosperm life cycle

-Gametophyte generation of an angiosperm begins when anthers and ovaries of a flower produce spores
-Spores develop into the male and female gametophytes
-Tiny gametophytes (the pollen grain and embryo sac) form the sperm and egg
-Pollination occurs when pollen is carried from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower or to another flower through the wind or by animals that rub pollen onto the flower
-When the pollen tube reaches the ovary, one sperm will fertilize the egg to form a diploid zygote
-The zygote develops into an embryo
-The endosperm provides nourishment for the embryo as it grows