Studied by 10 people
Geocentric
The universe is Earth-centric, (Sun, moon, and other planets revolve around earth)
Heliocentric
Conceptualized by Copernicus, new understanding that the universe was sun-centric.
Rationalism
Emphasized by Descartes, the belief that reason (not emotion or religion) is the chief source of knowledge
Empiricism
The theory that argues knowledge is achieved through experience and observation
Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence
Key people of the scientific revolution
Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Galen, Harvey
Ptolemy
Greatest astronomer of the antiquity period, associated with geocentrism
Copernicus
Polish mathematician, conceptualized heliocentrism
Johannes Kepler
German Mathematician, expanded on Copernicus’ ideas to confirm heliocentrism
Galileo
Italian Mathematician, made heliocentrism more well-known, opponent of the catholic church
Isaac Newton
English Mathematician, conceptualized the universal law of gravitation
Galen
Ancient physician, his incorrect views on human anatomy were studied for centuries
William Harvey
English physician, conceptualized accurate concepts of blood flow in the human body, based on empiricism
Timeline of the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment
100 CE - 1762
Important books of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, The Starry Messenger, De Motu Cordis, Discord on Method, Mathemtical Principles of Natural Philosphy, The Second Treatise of Government. The Spirit of Laws, The Social Contract
Seperation of Powers
A form of Government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other
Social Contract
The masses consent to be governed by rulers, in exchange for order
Enlightened Absolutism
Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining full royal powers
Salons
Urban drawing rooms where high class people discussed the ideas of philosophes
Philosophe
Philosophers, group of intellectuals
Key People of the Enlightenment
Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu
Thomas Hobbes
English Philosopher, believed mankind was inherently evil, people shouldn't govern themselves
John Locke
English philosopher, believed mankind is good, people should be able to choose their own leaders
Jean- Jacques Rousseau
French Philosopher, hypothesized the social contract
Montesquieu
French noble and philosopher, conceptualized separation of powers and checks and balances
Key people - Industrial Revolution
Hargreaves, Watt, Whitney, Jenner, Bessemer
James Hargreaves
British inventor who created the spinning jenny
James Watt
Modernized the steam engine
Eli Whitney
Created the cotton gin
Edward Jenner
Created the first smallpox vaccine, direct ancestor of Kris Jenner
Henry Bessemer
Modernized the steelmaking process (utilized bessemer method)
Enclosure movement
1700s in England, small farms combined into large farms by landowners, unemployed farmers go to cities
Agricultural Revolution
Increase in food production, new technologies and farming methods
Capital
Man-made resources used in the production of goods and services
Capitalism
Economic and social system in which the means of business are privately controlled/ operated for profit
Socialism
Economic and Social system in which the means of business are publicly controlled (government owed)
Entrepreneur
Person who creates new business opportunities/ ways to make profit
Cottage Industry
Method of production in which products were made by individuals/ families in their homes
Factory System
Method of manufacturing, enforced intense working conditions in one space, mass production
Iron and Steel Industries
2 fundamental industries that boomed during the Industrial Revolution, allowed for the expansion of other sub-industries
Spinning Jenny
Invention that made textile production much easier/ faster in England
Cotton Gin
Invention that made cotton production much faster in the southern US
Industrial Revolution & Mass Society timeline
1436 - 1913
Printing Press
Revolutionized the creation of new materials, facilitated the spread of new ideas and knowledge
Mass Production
Production of standardized products in large quantities, utilized an automated process
Assembly Line
Efficient method of production, conceptualized by Henry Ford, breaks down a job into a series of smaller tasks
Electricity
Modernized all aspects (transportation, housing, working conditions) of life after its invention in the 1800s.
Cars
Conceptualized in the late 1800s, an invention that transformed society, improved traveling, gave freedom, creation of suburbs
Radio
Mode of communication, popularized in early 1900s, transformed how news/ entertainment was spread
Telephone
Mode of communication popularized in early/ min 1900s, allowed for instant personal communication around the world
Key people - Mass Society
Graham Bell, Edison, Marconi, Ford
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the Telephone
Thomas Edison
American Inventor of the lightbulb
Guglielmo Marconi
Italian Inventor, sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic
Henry Ford
Revolutionized the car industry, automated and efficient assembly line process
Adam Smith
Scottish Economist, Laissez Faire
Note
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