History Unit 3

kill me now

Geocentric

The universe is Earth-centric, (Sun, moon, and other planets revolve around earth)

Heliocentric

Conceptualized by Copernicus, new understanding that the universe was sun-centric.

Rationalism

Emphasized by Descartes, the belief that reason (not emotion or religion) is the chief source of knowledge

Empiricism

The theory that argues knowledge is achieved through experience and observation

Scientific Method

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

Key people of the scientific revolution

Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Galen, Harvey

Ptolemy

Greatest astronomer of the antiquity period, associated with geocentrism

Copernicus

Polish mathematician, conceptualized heliocentrism

Johannes Kepler

German Mathematician, expanded on Copernicus’ ideas to confirm heliocentrism

Galileo

Italian Mathematician, made heliocentrism more well-known, opponent of the catholic church

Isaac Newton

English Mathematician, conceptualized the universal law of gravitation

Galen

Ancient physician, his incorrect views on human anatomy were studied for centuries

William Harvey

English physician, conceptualized accurate concepts of blood flow in the human body, based on empiricism

Timeline of the Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

100 CE - 1762

Important books of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, The Starry Messenger, De Motu Cordis, Discord on Method, Mathemtical Principles of Natural Philosphy, The Second Treatise of Government. The Spirit of Laws, The Social Contract

Seperation of Powers

A form of Government in which the executive, legislative, and judicial branches limit and control each other

Social Contract

The masses consent to be governed by rulers, in exchange for order

Enlightened Absolutism

Rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining full royal powers

Salons

Urban drawing rooms where high class people discussed the ideas of philosophes

Philosophe

Philosophers, group of intellectuals

Key People of the Enlightenment

Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu

Thomas Hobbes

English Philosopher, believed mankind was inherently evil, people shouldn't govern themselves

John Locke

English philosopher, believed mankind is good, people should be able to choose their own leaders

Jean- Jacques Rousseau

French Philosopher, hypothesized the social contract

Montesquieu

French noble and philosopher, conceptualized separation of powers and checks and balances

Key people - Industrial Revolution

Hargreaves, Watt, Whitney, Jenner, Bessemer

James Hargreaves

British inventor who created the spinning jenny

James Watt

Modernized the steam engine

Eli Whitney

Created the cotton gin

Edward Jenner

Created the first smallpox vaccine, direct ancestor of Kris Jenner

Henry Bessemer

Modernized the steelmaking process (utilized bessemer method)

Enclosure movement

1700s in England, small farms combined into large farms by landowners, unemployed farmers go to cities

Agricultural Revolution

Increase in food production, new technologies and farming methods

Capital

Man-made resources used in the production of goods and services

Capitalism

Economic and social system in which the means of business are privately controlled/ operated for profit

Socialism

Economic and Social system in which the means of business are publicly controlled (government owed)

Entrepreneur

Person who creates new business opportunities/ ways to make profit

Cottage Industry

Method of production in which products were made by individuals/ families in their homes

Factory System

Method of manufacturing, enforced intense working conditions in one space, mass production

Iron and Steel Industries

2 fundamental industries that boomed during the Industrial Revolution, allowed for the expansion of other sub-industries

Spinning Jenny

Invention that made textile production much easier/ faster in England

Cotton Gin

Invention that made cotton production much faster in the southern US

Industrial Revolution & Mass Society timeline

1436 - 1913

Printing Press

Revolutionized the creation of new materials, facilitated the spread of new ideas and knowledge

Mass Production

Production of standardized products in large quantities, utilized an automated process

Assembly Line

Efficient method of production, conceptualized by Henry Ford, breaks down a job into a series of smaller tasks

Electricity

Modernized all aspects (transportation, housing, working conditions) of life after its invention in the 1800s.

Cars

Conceptualized in the late 1800s, an invention that transformed society, improved traveling, gave freedom, creation of suburbs

Radio

Mode of communication, popularized in early 1900s, transformed how news/ entertainment was spread

Telephone

Mode of communication popularized in early/ min 1900s, allowed for instant personal communication around the world

Key people - Mass Society

Graham Bell, Edison, Marconi, Ford

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the Telephone

Thomas Edison

American Inventor of the lightbulb

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian Inventor, sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic

Henry Ford

Revolutionized the car industry, automated and efficient assembly line process

Adam Smith

Scottish Economist, Laissez Faire