Cardiovascular Pathologies

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Heart Block

Weak or failure of conduction signal

Flutter

Regular but rapid rhythm of contractions

Atrial Fibrillation

Atria quivering, prevents effective movement of blood

Bradycardia

Hr less than 60bpm

Tachycardia

Hr greater than 100 bpm

Ventricular Fibrillation

ventricle quivering, prevents effective movement of blood

coarctation of the aorta

Localized narrowing (stenosis) of Aorta, reduces supply of blood to the lower part of the body.

Patent ductus arteriosus

pulsus arteriosus fails to close after birth, so blood from aorta flows into the pulmonary artery

Septal Defects (VSD)

Hole in the ventricular septum causing blood to flow from left ventricle to right & lungs via pulmonary artery

Tetralogy of fallot (TOF)

. 4 defects (VSD, Pulmonary Stenosis, Ventricular Hypertrophy, Shift of Aorta)

Heart doesn’t develop correctly, causes hole in ventricular system (septal defects), pulmonary stenosis, ventricular hypotrophy (thicker myocardial mass), and shift of aorta

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Heart cant pump required amount of blood, results in pulmonary edema(too much fluid in lungs). Fatal if left untreated.

• Primary cause in us is HPB and Coronary artery disease

coronary Artery disease (CAD)

Plaque hardening in arteries

• causes atherosclerosis (fat in arteries) and Acute coronary syndrome (reduced blood flow to heart)

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

Hypertensive Heart Disease

Results from Arteriols Stenosis

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Improper Closure of the Mitral Valve

Murmur

Extra heart sound heard between normal beats

Pericarditis

inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Caused by rheumatic fever

Aneurysm

Local widening of the arterial wall

Deep vein thrombosis

• Blood clot (Thrombus) forms in a large vein, usually lower limb.

• May result in Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Varicose Veins

Abnormally swollen & Twisted veins, usually occurring in the legs

Peripheral Artery Disease

• Blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys & other organs

• Absence of pain or discomfort in a leg at rest, but pain, tension & weakness after walking begins

Raynaud's phenomenon (RP)

• Recurrent episodes of pallor & cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes

• Rare disorder of unknown cause

• Affects blood flow

Essential Hypertension

• No identifiable cause

• Greater than 140/90

Secondary Hypertension

• Increase in pressure caused by another associated lesion