8th Grade Social Studies Final

Jim Crow Laws

state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation

Segregation

the separation or isolation of a race, class, or ethnic group by enforced or voluntary residence in a restricted area

Poll Tax

a tax of a fixed amount per adult person that is often linked to the right to vote

Literacy Test

exam for assessing a person's ability to read and write in order to exclude people from voting.

Carpetbaggers

Northerners who moved to the South after the war, supposedly in an effort to get rich or acquire political power

Sharecroppers

a type of farming in which families rent small plots of land from a landowner in return for a portion of their crop, to be given to the landowner at the end of each year

Plessey v Ferguson

U.S. Supreme Court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine

What was segregation and what was the name of Southern Laws which segregated?

Jim Crowe Laws

Manifest Destiny

the 19th-century belief that it was the divine mission of the United States to expand westward across North America

What was the Transcontinental Railroad and what effects did it have on the US?

Connecting the two American coasts made the economic export of Western resources to Eastern markets easier than ever before

How did the Homestead Act help settle the western frontier?

The Homestead Act encouraged western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of land in exchange for a nominal filing fee

How did the white settlers effect the Native Americans?

new diseases and loss of land

What hardships and conflicts did the Plains Indians face on the reservations?

tribes lost their native lands, but it was almost impossible to maintain their culture and traditions inside a confined area.

What is “free enterprise?”

an economic system that provides individuals the opportunity to make their own economic decisions, free of go

What is capitalism?

an economic system where private businesses can have ownership of capital goods

What are monopolies?

a market structure that consists of only one seller or producer.

How do monopolies harm people and the economy?

they limit efficiency, innovation, and healthy competition

What is mass production?

the manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products, often using assembly lines or automation technology

What methods helped mass production?

Manufacturers implemented mass production through division of labor, assembly lines, large factories, and specialized machinery requiring huge financial investment

How did the growth of industry change the United States?

drove the growth of U.S. cities and a rapidly expanding market economy

What is the purpose of labor unions?

A labor union is a group of two or more employees who join together to advance common interests such as wages, benefits, schedules and other employment terms and conditions

Purpose of Ellis Island?

active immigration station, where over 12 million immigrants were processed

Define assimilate

the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society

How did immigrants assimilate into American life?

They brought their languages, religions, and cuisines to the country.

What laws restricted immigration?

The Immigration Act of 1924, or Johnson–Reed Act, including the Asian Exclusion Act and National Origins Act

Why did immigrants face discrimination?

Because people didn't want immigrants to take the oppertunities of citizens. There were also barriers between them; for example, language.

What was the Progressive Movement concerned with?

furthering social and political reform, curbing political corruption caused by political machines, and limiting the political influence of large corporations

What are political machines, and patronage?

a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state

What was the work of “settlement houses?”

which settlement house did Jane Addams help start? Settlement houses were meant to move beyond charity, instead bringing together people from the middle and upper classes to work with and for the poor. Jane Addams started “Hull House”

Prohibition

the prevention by law of the manufacture and sale of alcohol

Muckrakers

any of a group of American writers identified with pre-World War I reform and exposé writing

What did Progressive political reforms of initiative, referendum, and recall allow citizens to do?

allow citizens of many U.S. states to place new legislation, or to place legislation that has recently been passed by a legislature on a ballot for a popular vote

What is Imperialism?

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force

What were some causes for American imperialism (expanding overseas)?

Economic competition among industrial nations, political and military competition, and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of people of Anglo

What caused the Spanish American War?

America's support the ongoing struggle by Cubans and Filipinos against Spanish rule, and the mysterious explosion of the battleship U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor.

What is “yellow journalism”?

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

How did yellow journalism affect the US?

helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba and the Philippines, leading to the acquisition of overseas territory by the United States.

Sphere of influence

a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority.

What was the Open Door Policy?

The Open Door Policy is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China.

What was Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal?

was Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. These three demands are often referred to as the "three Cs"

Walk Softly & Carry a Big Stick

meant that by sticking to the plans/the Roosevelt Corollary, the United States could defend its territory and avoid war.

In which region did the Roosevelt Corollary help the U.S. to build an empire?

Caribbean and Central America

What did the Corollary say?

The Roosevelt Corollary was a Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that stated that the nations of the Western Hemisphere were not open to European colonization, but the United States has the power and responsibility to preserve order and protect life in these countries if necessary.

Why was the Panama Canal built? What is most important about the canal?

After the Spanish-American war, the U.S. liked the idea of building a canal so that it would be more efficient and quicker for their navy to go through the canal instead of sailing all the way around South America to get from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The Panama Canal was built in 1914 and connects the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.

What were the underlying and immediate causes of World War I?

The immediate cause of World War I that made the aforementioned items come into play was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria

How did Germany attempt to keep supplies from reaching Britain?

Submarine warfare.

Lusitania

a British ocean liner that was attacked by a German U

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the practice of using submarines to attack and sink all forms of enemy shipping

Stalemate

a condition in war in which neither side can change the front lines dramatically no matter how hard it tries

How did soldiers and armies fight battles in WWI?

Each side occupied fighting lines (fronts) made up of trenches dug into the ground or breastworks constructed above low

In what ways did US civilians help to win WWI?

buying War bonds, donating to charity, or, if they worked in industry, going that extra mile for the troops.

How did WWI affect women?

the number of women in the workforce increased

How did WWI affect African Americans?

the multi-decade mass movement of black, southern rural farm laborers northward and westward to cities in search of higher wages in industrial jobs and better social and political opportunities.

What was President Wilson’s plan for peace after WWI? Why was it rejected?

Wilson's Fourteen Points primarily supported the idea of lasting peace. Many of the points focused on: trade equality, ending of secrete treaties, and alliances, freedom of the seas, and the establishment of the League of Nations. This was rejected because Wilson's vision did not take into account the claims of France and Britain and their allies.

What were the provisions (parts) of the Treaty of Versailles? How did they hurt Germany?

Germany pay financial reparations, disarm, lose territory, and give up all of its overseas colonies

League of Nations

The League of Nations was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace

Return to Normalcy” after WWI“

"Return to normalcy" was a campaign slogan used by Warren G. Harding during the 1920 United States presidential election.

Why were the 1920’s called the “Roaring Twenties”?

The Roaring Twenties got their name from the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture that defines the decade.

What was Prohibition? Why didn’t it work?

a nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. It failed because because at least half the adult population wanted to carry on drinking.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

The Harlem Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural revival of African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theater, politics and scholarship centered in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City

What was the Red Scare?

A Red Scare is the promotion of a widespread fear of a potential rise of communism, anarchism or other leftist ideologies by a society or state

What was Sacco and Vanzetti tried for?

Their trials for armed robbery and murder

What was the verdict of the Sacco and Vanzetti case?

the jury convicted both men.

What is “Suffrage”?

The right to vote

What event signaled the start of the Great Depression?

a sudden crash of the American stock market on October 29, a day widely known as Black Tuesday.

What were the causes (agricultural, industrial, banking, tariff) of the Great Depression?

the Smoot Hawley Tariff; government policies; bank failures and panics; and the collapse of the money supply.

What was Herbert Hoover’s solution to the Depression?

Hoover requested that the Federal Reserve increase credit

What was the Bonus Army?

The Bonus Army was a group of 43,000 demonstrators – 17,000 veterans of U.S. involvement in World War I, their families, and affiliated groups who gathered in Washington, D.C., in mid 1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates.

What did the Bonus Army demand? Did they get what they wanted?

They demanded their service bonus. They didn't get this until 1945.

New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Alphabet Agencies

the U.S. federal government agencies created as part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt

Social Security Act

An act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of Federal old age benefits, and by enabling the several States to make more adequate provision

FDIC

an independent agency created by the Congress to maintain stability and public confidence in the nation's financial system.

Dust Bowl

the drought affected south central United States in the aftermath of horrific dust storms.

Causes of WWII

the impact of the Treaty of Versailles following WWI, the worldwide economic depression, failure of appeasement, the rise of militarism in Germany and Japan, and the failure of the League of Nations.

What is aggression?

a warlike act by one country against another without cause

Give one example before WWII?

Japan Attacks China In 1931, acting without the approval of Japan's elected government, the Japanese army seized Manchuria in northeastern China.

What is appeasement?

Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved country through negotiation in order to prevent war.

How did the Allies appease Hitler?

allowing Hitler to expand German territory

What is the Blitzkrieg?

Blitzkrieg is a word used to describe a combined arms surprise attack using a rapid, overwhelming force to get a swift victory.

What event began WWII in Europe?

Germany invades Poland

Lend Lease Act

this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed "vital to the defense of the United States."

After which event did the US enter WWII?

The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Why were Japanese Americans placed in relocation centers?

In an effort to curb potential Japanese spies

How did US citizens support the war (WW2)?

purchasing war bonds

How did WWII affect the role of women?

More than six million women took wartime jobs in factories, three million volunteered with the Red Cross, and over 200,000 served in the military.

What is Island Hopping?

to retake parts of the Pacific conquered by Japan

Who were the kamikazes?

Suicide bombers

What was the Holocaust?

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II

For what reason did President Truman decide to drop the atomic bomb?

Truman wanted to avoid an invasion of Japan. Truman hoped that the use of the bomb would and it's astonishing effects would be enough for Japan to surrender

What is the purpose of the United Nations?

Maintain International Peace and Security

Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a nonviolent social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement throughout the United States.

Non violence

peacefully protesting or just not using violence

Civil Disobedience

refusing to obey a law, a regulation or a power judged unjust in a peaceful manner

Rosa Parks

an American civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her seat on a public bus

What did the Supreme Court decision in its case Brown vs. Board of Education Topeka, Kansas?

that separating children in public schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional

Martin Luther King Jr.

an American pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the Civil Rights Movement

What problem did President Johnson try to solve with his Great Society programs?

aid to education, attack on disease, Medicare, urban renewal, beautification, conservation, development of depressed regions, a wide scale fight against poverty, control and prevention of crime and delinquency

What two African American leaders were prominent during the 1960’s?

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King JR

Cold War

an ongoing political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II