2.1-2.2 vocab words

tsarist regime

the political system which existed in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. All power lay in the hand of tsar(Russian emperor). Although tsar Nicholas II’s power had been curtailed following a revolution in 1905 he retained almost total control over Russian until his abdication.

us senates

the more powerful of the 2 houses of the US Congress, other being the House of Representatives. the USA can only enter into treaties with other countries with the approval of the senate.

ratify

to give formal acceptance to something. ex: The diplomats neglecting at a conference can agree the terms of a treaty, but they do not come into effect until they have been formally accepted(ratified) by their government

communism

A system of government based on the idea of a classless society in which their is common ownership of the means of production, such as farms and factories and the absence of private property. It aims to eliminate social classes and promote equality among citizens.

v.orlando

Prime minister. he did not really speak English and it greatly restricted his participation in negotiation because Italy did not receive all territorial claims, he temporarily withdrew from the conference in anger.

lenin

Was the leader of the Russian Bolshevik party and played a leading role in the October revolution of 1917. he led the party to power, establishing a communist government in Russia and was head of the Russian state from 1917 until his death in 1924.

treaty of brest-litovsk

treaty that ended Russian’s participation in world war 1

clemenceau

A French politician who served as prime minister of France. he insisted on a harsh settlement being imposed on Germany at the Paris Peace Conference.

llyod george

prime minister of the UK and was Britain’s chief delegate to the Paris Peace Conference that drafted the Versailles treaty.

w. wilson

president in 1912. he made the decision to bring the US into ww1 in 1917. he consider himself to be a mediator between rival European nation and played a huge in peace negotiations at the end of the war.

treaty of Versailles

Germany signed this treaty and in doing so accepting the loss of some 70,000 square kilometers of land containing 7 million people. Germany had no alternative but to accept the treaty.

plebiscite

a referendum (vote) giving local people the opportunity to express their opinion for or against a proposal relating to a constitutional issue

mandates

overseas territories taken from the defeated countries at the end of the ww1. responsibility for these territories was passed to the other countries, which would administer then on behalf of the league of nations

reparations

money that one country has to pay another as compensation for war damage

self-determination

the principle that people of common nationality should have the right to form their own nations and govern themselves

treat of saint-germain

a treaty with Austria that made them lose a lot of land.

treaty of neuilly

Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania had reduced its army to no more than 20,000 and was instructed to pay reparations of over 400 million dollars.

treaty of serves

treaty that stated that the Dardanelles were to be permanently open to all stripping. Turkey lost territory to Greece and Italy. Other parts of the Turkish Empire were mandated to France and Britain

treaty of trianon

treaty with Hungary stated that Slovakia and Ruthenia were to become part of Czechoslovakia. Hungary also lost Transylvania to Romania, and Croatia and Slovenia to Yugoslavia

jm kenyes

he was the leading economist of the early 20th century. He was a member of the British delegation at Paris Peace Conference. His book the Economic Consequences of Peace argued that reparation were vindicative and would lead to problems because of Germany’s instability to keep up with the payments

inflation

A process that leads to an increase in price of good and services. It drives down the value of income and saving, discouraging investments and causing demands for increasing wages. this, in turn, leads to higher prices, a huge spiral that can then result in increased unemployment.

treaty of london

treaty with Britain in return for promises of major territorial gains along the Adriatic coast once victory was achieved.

dictator

an absolute ruler who controls a country without being accountable to an electorate or an elected national assembly, and with no limits to their power set by a constitution

minority group

a group of people bound together by, for example, common nationality, language or religion, living in a country dominated by other groups. As a result, they often lack political rights and are often discriminated against

b. mussolini

lead the fascist movement in Italy in 1922-43. He established a dictatorship and launched a campaign to control all aspects of Italian life. Supported Hitler during ww2. He dismissed by the king in 1945. He was executed by communist in 1945.

fascist/fascism

A political philosophy which advocates state control over all aspects of society and the economy and is heavily nationalistic

treaty of berlin

US rejected the treaty of Versailles, so they pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other 3rd party for 5 years with Germany.

hyperinflation

when the prices of goods and services rise more then 50 % per month. This made Germany’s money spiral out of control because they were trying to pay for reparations of ww1.

ruhr crisis

When the French and Belgium armies sent 60,000 soldiers into the Ruhr region of Germany.

Corfu Incident

Mussolini refused to accept the leagues authority and the Italian occupation continued until Greece paid a substantial amount of compensation. He also ordered Italian ships to bombard and subsequently occupy the Greek island.

treaty of Lausanne

A revised treaty that replaced the treaty of Serves. As a result, Turkey regained some land it had lost.

washington conference

this led to the series of treaties and it would guarantee peace in East Asia.

five power treaty

Japan agreed to withdraw from some of its recently acquired Chinese territory and to limit its navy to 3/5s the size of British and Us navies. In return, Western powers agreed to not developing new naval buses new Japan. All countries agreed to limit their warship tonnage.

four power treaty

these countries agreed to respect each other’s rights in Pacific and and Far East, and to deal with any future disagreements by negotiation rather than military action.

nine power treaty

this guaranteed protection for China against invasion and agree to uphold the ‘open door’ policy, allowing equal opportunity for all countries seeking to trade with China.

genoa conference

Lloyd suggests that representatives of 30 European countries met in Italy to discuss ways of easing their post-war economic problems

rapallo pact

Russia and Germany agreed to renounce all territorial claims against each other, and to cooperation in a spirit of mutual good will in meeting the economic needs of both countries.

treat of riga

Ended the war between Poland and Russia and added a strip of land some 160 km wide to Poland’s eastern border.

comintern

It was a communist organization founded in Moscow in 1919. Its aim was to encourage worldwide communist revolution. It was also known as the Third International or Communist International.

successor states

A newly formed state where territory and population were previously under the sovereignty of another state.