Philippine-American War (1899–1902)

Emilio Aguinaldo

First PH President; led independence, captured 1901, swore allegiance to U.S.

Antonio Luna

Strict Filipino general; strategist; assassinated 1899

Gregorio del Pilar

“Boy General”; hero of Tirad Pass; died 1899

Macario Sakay

Continued resistance after 1902; led “Tagalog Republic”

William McKinley

U.S. President who ordered PH occupation after Treaty of Paris

Arthur MacArthur Jr.

U.S. general; led Manila battles and suppressed guerrilla warfare

Frederick Funston

Captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela (1901)

Feb 4, 1899

Outbreak of war; Battle of Manila begins

Mar 23, 1901

Aguinaldo captured by Funston

Apr 1, 1901

Aguinaldo swears allegiance to U.S.

Jul 4, 1902

Official end of PH-American War; Pres. Theodore Roosevelt declares victory

Impacts

200,000–600,000 Filipino deaths, U.S. colonial rule, rise of nationalism, Thomasites (education reforms), U.S. imperialism