Motor Development Final Exam

Trust vs Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

1-3, Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

ex) learn to stand on their own, dress and feed themselves

Initiative vs Guilt

3-6, attempts but are challenged with failure, failure bring guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's stage between 6 and 12 years, when teachers and peers become very important, comparison begins here

Identity vs Role Confusion

12-20

-ego identity

-rapidly changing body and sexual awakening

-peer influences are important

Intimacy vs Isolation

19-40

-Exploring personal relationships

- Move out of parents home

- Those who cannot work cooperatively feel sense of isolation

Generattivity vs. Stagnation

40-65

- Career and family become focus

- Focus on others needs rather then own

- Successful adults experience feeling of usefulness and accomplishment

Integrity vs Despair

65 and up

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Harter's Self Representation Stages

Very early childhood, Early to middle childhood, Middle to late childhood, Early adolescence, Middle adolescence, Late adolescence

very early childhood

focuses on physical aspects of self, unrealistically positive about themselves

early to middle childhood

-Continues to overestimate abilities

-Do not distinguish between ability and effort

- If I am working hard I must be a good swimmer

middle to late childhood

-Become aware of social comparisons

- Others opinions matter

-Self esteem influenced by others

- More balanced and accurate view of themselves

middle adolescence

-Continue discriminations within groups

-Concerned about how others view them

-May not be too popular if too studious

late adolescence

- Clearer sense of personal values, beliefs, standards

-Better understand their strength and weaknesses and become less influenced by others

Self determined theory

Intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation

Intrinsic motivation

behaviors which can be pleasure and satisfaction from participating, no reward necessary

extrinsically motivated

behaviors provide a means to an end, and individuals are not engaged in the behavior for their own sake

ex) running to earn a medal

Amotivation

not seeing a relationship between outcomes and actions. Whatever I do, nothing positive will result

Self Efficacy Theory

Belief in ones capabilities

-past successes

-vicarious experiences

-verbal persuasions

-physiological and affective states

Social Cognitive Theory

referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world

self-regulation

ability to control your behavior and manage your thoughts and emotions in appropriate ways

How to enhance self regulation with children

-Allow them to set goals

-Assit in self judgement

-Model self regulation

-Discuss success and failure

Sociocultural Constraint

Socially and culturally constructed attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that can encourage or discourage motor behavior

Sex vs Gender

sex is biological; gender is the predetermined roles for men and women in the community

Gender Identity

our sense of being male or female

Gender Expression

the way in which a person expresses their gender identity, typically through their appearance, dress, and behavior.

sexual oritentation

who you are attracted to

theory of stereotype threat

individuals act in accordance with cultural stereotypes when they encounter a situation where they may be at risk of confirming negative stereotypes about their social group

Three prong test

1.Strict Proportionality in athletics financial aid

2.Equivalence in other benefits & opportunities

3.Effective Accommodation of interests and abilities.

Activity Theory

adults who maintain social interactions and active lifestyles can not only maintain their life satisfaction but also increase it

Disengagement theory

asserts that older adults must gradually withdrew from society by partipating in fewer activities and decreasing their personal relationships

Hierarchy of Motor Proficiency

refers to the idea that proficiency in basic movement skills (fundamental movement skills) is a prerequisite for mastering more advanced and specialized motor skills

Level 1

reflexes and reactions

level 2

fundamental motor skills

Level 3

Transitional motor skills- skills that aid the transition between FMS and specialized motor skills used in sport and PA

Level 4

Specific sport skills and dances- the attainment of motor proficiency in a specific context

Developmental Trajectories Model

describes the typical pattern or course of a behavior or characteristic over time, often focusing on how it changes with age or across different stages of life

Motor Competence

how infants use perceptual information to decide how to use their motor movements

Perceived Motor Competence

awareness and belief of their capability to perform motor tasks

Health related fitness

fitness qualities that are necessary to maintain and promote a healthy body

Negative Spiraling of Disengagement

associated with low levels of physical and perceived competence that results in reduced PA level and health related fitness

Positive Spiraling of Engagement

Occurs when children become more active because they associate it with fun and reward.

Developmental Model of Sport Partipation

a framework that outlines the stages and pathways through which individuals develop their sport abilities and engagement, particularly during childhood and adolescence

The sampling years

exposure to many FMS and a wide range or sports (6-12)

The specializing years

spends time on one or two activities (13-15)

The investment years

Looking to achieve an elite level of performance, strategy, competition, and skill development, deliberate practice with coach (6+)

Long term athlete development model

recognizes development of whole child, physical literacy to feed goals, part of being active for life as well as, is inclusive to athletes with disability, uses developmental appropriate skill development, includes many parts of school and parents

Foundations Phase

Basics foundational skills that allow individual to lead an active lifestyle or participate in sport

Talent Phase

Identifying individuals talents and development of their potential

Elite and mastery phases

to distinguish between levels of elite performers

Early sport diversification

diversification is associated

Sport specialization

should not be promotion until later adolescence when the individual has gained adequate physical literacy

In which of Erikson’s stages fo teachers and peers become important in a childs life?

Industry vs. Inferiority stage

The six stages of self representation were developed by whom

Harter

What did bandura list as the four sources of effiacy?

Past success, Vicarious experiences, Verbal persuasion, and Physiological and Affective states

Regarding gender types toys, what activities do feminine toys tend to encourage

Nurturing or domestic activities

Regarding gender type toys, what activities do masculine toys tend to encourage

Movement, aggression or violence

Title IX is an amendment to which law

Civil right acts of 1964

Civil rights act of 1964

A landmark legislation that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

What is proportionality

Number of opportunities match the enrollment of the schools population

________ refers to an individuals social group with shared traditions, language, and religion

Ethnicity

What is racial stacking in sport

Overrepresentation of a racial or ethnic group in specific positions in sport contexts

What US law was originally called Education for All Handicapped Children Act

Public Law of 94-142 (IDEA)

What is ableism

Social prejudice and discrimination towards individuals with disabilities