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A. Reception
What occurs during the reception phase of cell signaling?
A signal molecule (ligand) binds to a receptor embedded in the cell membrane
What property governs ligand-receptor binding?
Complementary shape
B. Signal Transduction
What is signal transduction?
The conversion of the initial signal into another form that can act inside the cytoplasm and often amplifies the signal
How does a receptor begin signal transduction?
By interacting with membrane proteins to produce a second messenger
What is a second messenger?
A molecule that relays the signal from the membrane into the cytoplasm or nucleus
C. Cellular Response
Where can the signal ultimately act?
In the cytoplasm by activating enzymes or in the nucleus by activating genes