Native American Displacement, Plains Tribes, and Conflicts: Sioux, Navajo, and Geronimo
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Q: The Sioux were displaced from which region in the 18th century?
A: The Great Lakes woodlands
Q: After being displaced, the Sioux emerged onto which region?
A: The plains
Q: Which tribes were attacked by the Sioux after their displacement?
A: Crows, Kiowas, Pawnees
Q: Within a few generations, the Sioux transformed from foot-traveling, crop-growing villagers into what?
A: Nomadic traders and buffalo hunters
Q: What facilitated the transformation of Plains tribes into nomadic buffalo hunters?
A: Introduction of Spanish horses
Q: What effect did the Sioux and other Plains tribes have on bison herds?
A: They drove the bison herds towards extinction
Q: Before the Civil War, what did white soldiers and settlers contribute to on the plains?
A: Spread of disease (cholera, typhoid, smallpox) and pressure on buffalo populations
Q: How did white settlers affect the buffalo population?
A: Hunting and grazing livestock reduced buffalo numbers
Q: Why did warfare increase among Plains tribes in the 1830s?
A: Competition for scarce hunting grounds
Q: Which tribes abandoned villages along the upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers due to pressure from Mandans and Chippewas?
A: Cheyenne tribes
Q: What did the Fort Laramie (1851) and Fort Atkinson (1853) treaties establish?
A: Boundaries for each tribe and an attempt to separate Natives into "colonies"
Q: What misconception did whites have about Native government and society?
A: That tribes and chiefs functioned like centralized governments, when authority was local to families or band elders
Q: How did the Plains Indians view living on a defined reservation?
A: It was a foreign concept; their nomadic culture did not align with fixed territories
Q: What was the Great Sioux Reservation in the 1860s?
A: A smaller confinement area for Dakota and southern Plains tribes in Dakota Territory and Indian Territory (Oklahoma)
Q: What promises did the federal government make to the Plains Indians in exchange for giving up ancestral lands?
A: They would be left alone and provided with food, clothing, and supplies
Q: What was the reality of federal Indian agents?
A: They were often corrupt, providing spoiled or defective provisions and profiting personally
Q: What portion of the U.S. Army on the western frontier were African American "Buffalo Soldiers"?
A: 1/5th (20%)
Q: Why were African American soldiers called "Buffalo Soldiers"?
A: Indians thought their hair resembled a buffalo's coat
Q: What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre in 1864?
A: Aggressive Colonel Chivington's militia killed 400 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho, including women and children, to “make sure” no trouble was caused
Q: What triggered the Fetterman Massacre in 1866?
A: Sioux war party ambushed soldiers and civilians attempting to block the Bozeman Trail
Q: Who was George Armstrong Custer in the context of Plains conflicts?
A: Civil War general turned frontier colonel and Indian fighter
Q: What was the significance of the Battle of Little Bighorn?
A: A short-lived Indian victory where Custer's 7th Cavalry was defeated by combined Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho forces
Q: What led to renewed warfare with Plains Indians in 1874?
A: Custer's "scientific expedition" discovered gold in the Black Hills, Sioux territory
Q: How many well-armed Indian warriors camped along the Little Big Horn River in 1876?
A: 2,500 well armed Cheynne, Sioux, and Arapaho warriors
Q: Where was Navajo territory located in the mid-19th century?
A: Southwest U.S., Arizona Territory near Colorado River and Canyon de Chelly
Q: What was the significance of Cedar City in Navajo history?
A: Location in Nevada/Utah Territory relevant to federal campaigns against the Navajo in 1864
Q: From where were the Sioux displaced in the 18th century?
A: Great Lakes woodlands
Q: When did the Sioux emerge on the plains?
A: Late 18th century
Q: Which tribes did the Sioux attack after emerging on the plains?
A: Crows, Kiowas, Pawnees
Q: How did the Sioux transform over a few generations?
A: From foot-traveling and crop-growing to nomadic traders and buffalo hunters
Q: What facilitated the Sioux transformation into nomadic hunters?
A: Spanish horses
Q: What effect did Plains tribes have on bison herds?
A: They drove them toward extinction
Q: What diseases spread to Plains tribes before the Civil War?
A: Cholera, typhoid, smallpox
Q: Why did warfare increase among Plains tribes in the 1830s?
A: Competition for hunting grounds due to white settlement and livestock
Q: Which tribes abandoned villages along the Upper Mississippi and Missouri Rivers?
A: Cheyenne
Q: What started the reservation system in the West?
A: Federal treaties with "chiefs" of various tribes, like Fort Laramie (1851) and Fort Atkinson (1853)
Q: Why was the concept of reservations foreign to Plains tribes?
A: They lived in scattered bands with authority in families and band elders, not centralized governments
Q: What was the Great Sioux Reservation of the 1860s?
A: Dakota and Indian Territory confinement area for southern Plains tribes
Q: What promises did the federal government make to Native Americans in exchange for their lands?
A: They would be left alone and provided food, clothing, and supplies
Q: What was the reality of federal Indian agents?
A: Often corrupt; provided spoiled provisions and embezzled funds
Q: What were "Buffalo Soldiers"?
A: African American soldiers in the U.S. Army, 1/5th of western troops, named for hair resemblance to buffalo
Q: What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre (1864)?
A: Colonel Chivington's militia killed 400 peaceful Cheyenne and Arapaho, including women and children
Q: What caused the Fetterman Massacre (1866)?
A: Sioux war party ambushed 81 soldiers and civilians on the Bozeman Trail
Q: Who was George Armstrong Custer?
A: Civil War general turned frontier colonel and Indian fighter
Q: What happened at the Battle of Little Bighorn?
A: Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors defeated Custer's 7th Cavalry; a short-lived Indian victory
Q: What sparked renewed warfare with Plains Indians in 1874?
A: Custer's expedition discovered gold in the Black Hills of Sioux territory
Q: How many warriors camped along the Little Big Horn River in 1876?
A: 2,500 well-armed Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors
Q: Where was Navajo territory?
A: Southwest U.S., Arizona Territory near Colorado River and Canyon de Chelly
Q: What happened to Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce in 1877?
A: Surrendered after a 1,700-mile trek to Canada; sent to Kansas reservations with 40% dying of disease; survivors returned to Idaho
Q: Who was Geronimo?
A: Apache leader in Arizona and New Mexico; resisted U.S. troops, surrendered after women exiled, later became a successful farmer in Oklahoma
Q: What was the "Fire + Sword" policy?
A: Pushed Natives onto reservations, destroyed traditional life, forced dependency, eliminated sovereignty
Q: How did the U.S. railroad and settlers impact Plains Indians?
A: Brought troops, farmers, settlers; spread disease; helped exterminate buffalo, destroying nomadic life
Q: How many buffalo were alive on western plains after the Civil War?
A: 15 million
Q: Who was William "Buffalo Bill" Cody?
A: Killed over 4,000 buffalo in 18 months for railroad construction
Q: What did Helen Hunt Jackson do?
A: Wrote A Century of Dishonor (1881) exposing U.S. brutality toward Natives; wrote Ramona (1884)
Q: What was the Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)?
A: Army killed 200 Sioux during suppression of the Ghost Dance religious movement
Q: What did the Dawes Severalty Act (1887) do?
A: Divided tribal lands into 160-acre allotments for individual families, forced assimilation, citizenship in 25 years, sold leftover land to whites/railroads
Q: What was the purpose of Carlisle Indian School?
A: Educate Native children in English and white customs, separating them from tribal life
Q: What percentage of Indian lands were lost by 1900 due to Dawes Act policies?
A: 50%
Q: How did mining expand the West?
A: Gold and silver strikes attracted populations, supplied the economy, and transformed mining into corporate industry
Q: Who were the "Fifty-Niners"?
A: Miners rushing to Colorado Rockies after 1858 gold discovery; "Pikes Peak or Bust"
Q: What was Comstock Lode?
A: Rich silver deposit in Nevada (1859), mined for $340 million
Q: What were boomtowns/Helldorados?
A: Mining towns with saloons, liquor, and vigilante justice, e.g., Virginia City, Nevada
Q: How did mining shift from individual prospectors to corporate control?
A: Expensive machinery and quartz mining required pooled wealth and engineers
Q: How did mining influence women's rights in the West?
A: Opportunities to run businesses and gain voting rights in territories like Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Idaho
Q: What were "long drives" in cattle ranching?
A: Driving 1,000-10,000 cattle over unfenced plains to railheads/cow towns
Q: Name two famous cattle towns.
A: Dodge City and Abilene, Kansas
Q: What problems did long drives face?
A: Indians, stampedes, cattle fever, harsh weather
Q: Who perfected barbed wire?
A: Joseph F. Glidden, 1874
Q: How did the beef industry evolve post-Civil War?
A: Railroads, stockyards, industrialized meatpacking by Swift and Armour
Q: What was the impact of barbed wire and harsh winters (1886-87) on cattle ranching?
A: Thousands of cattle died; long drives became less profitable
Q: What role did cowboys play in cattle ranching?
A: Managed cattle, rode horses, used guns, worked under harsh frontier conditions; included black, white, and Mexican cowboys
Q:What year was the Homestead Act passed?
A:1862
Q:How much land could settlers claim under the Homestead Act?
A:160 acres
Q:What were the requirements to keep a homestead under the Homestead Act?
A:Live on the land for 5 years, improve it, and pay a $30 fee
Q:What was the purpose of the Homestead Act?
A:To promote rapid settlement of the West and support the family farm
Q:How many families took advantage of the Homestead Act in 40 years?
A:500,000 families
Q:What problems arose with the Homestead Act?
A:160 acres was inadequate in the Great Plains, ⅔ were forced to give up, corporations used fake homesteaders, and promoters grabbed the best land
Q:Who were the "Sodbusters"?
A:Settlers who broke the tough prairie sod with iron plows to farm the plains
Q:How did Sodbusters adapt to the western environment?
A:Built sod homes, burned corncobs for warmth, and used laced trees for lumber and fuel
Q:What was the significance of the 100th Meridian?
A:It marked the semi-arid West where agriculture without irrigation was very difficult
Q:What was Dry Farming?
A:A technique using frequent shallow cultivation to conserve moisture in arid lands
Q:Who warned about the farming challenges beyond the 100th Meridian?
A:Geologist John Wesley Powell
Q:What long-term effect did dry farming have on the soil?
A:Pulverized surface soil, contributing to the Dust Bowl decades later
Q:What crops were adapted for the western environment?
A:Wheat resistant to cold and drought (from Russia) and sorghum
Q:What federal projects helped irrigate the West?
A:Large-scale dams on the Missouri and Columbia Rivers, irrigating over 45 million acres in 17 states
Q:Who were the "Eighty-niners"?
A:Settlers who rushed into Oklahoma after the federal land opening in 1889
Q:What was the difference between a Boomer and a Sooner?
A:Boomers waited for the legal opening, Sooners entered illegally beforehand
Q:When was the "Closing of the Frontier"?
A:1890
Q:What did Frederick Jackson Turner argue about the frontier?
A:Settling the trans-Mississippi West shaped American democracy and culture; the frontier's end marked the end of colonization
Q:What were Bonanza Farms?
A:Large-scale, mechanized wheat farms in the late 19th century
Q:How did mechanization of agriculture affect farmers?
A:Drove marginal farmers off the land, increased production, and created a rural industrial workforce
Q:Why were farmers in debt in the late 19th century?
A:Reliance on one crop, falling world prices, high-interest loans, and expensive machinery
Q:What natural challenges did farmers face?
A:Grasshopper swarms, cotton-boll weevil, droughts, floods, and soil depletion
Q:How did railroads impact farmers?
A:High shipping rates, manipulation of markets, spoilage, and lack of transport
Q:How did corporations and trusts affect farmers?
A:Controlled output and prices of harvester, barbed wire, and fertilizer products
Q:What was the Grange and who founded it?
A:National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, founded by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867 to support farmers socially, educationally, and economically
Q:What were the Granger Laws?
A:State laws regulating railroad rates and grain elevator fees; mostly overturned in Wabash v. Illinois (1886)
Q:What was the Farmers Alliance?
A:A cooperative movement in the late 1870s-1890s to help farmers buy/sell collectively and break corporate control
Q:What was the Colored Farmers National Alliance?
A:Organization of Black farmers in the South (1880s-1890s) with 250,000 members; excluded from white Alliances