Church History - Final Chapter 4

Who is Pepin the short?

recognized the pope as ruler of a large part of Italy, granting him control of a wide strip of land in the middle of the Italian peninsula, the foundation of the Papal States

Papal States

The territory in modern-day central Italy that was overseen by the pope from the eighth century until 1870

Who is Muhammad or is it Mohammad?

The founder of Islam, regarded as a prophet by Muslims

Who is Pope Gregory VII?

one of the most spiritually inspiring popes of the High Middle Ages

had a very large reform

Who is St. Patrick?

he returned to Ireland and traveled throughout the island, converting most local Celtic kings while establishing monasteries that continued his work of evangelization

Who is St. Boniface?

a British monk, evangelized on the European continent. After being named a bishop, he set up monasteries and was a wandering preacher in direct contact with converts in Germany.

Who is Charlemagne?

emerged in 771 as a powerful king who ruled for 43 until his death in 814. Charlemagne's goal was the Christianization of Europe

Who is St. Thomas Aquinas?

WAS A THEOLOGIAN OF THE MIDDLE AGES, IMPORTANT TO SCHOLASTICISM AND AUTHOR OF SUMMA THEOLOGICA

What was the role of monasteries in the Middle Ages?

preserved ancient writings

Why were the Crusades called?

began as a unified military response from Christians seeking to recover custody of holy sites in the Holy Land that had fallen under Muslim control centuries earlier.

What was the goals of the crusades?

- Recover Holy Land from Muslim control

- Defend Christian pilgrims

- Unite Eastern and Western Churches

What were the lasting effects of the Crusades?

- Stimulated trade and weakened feudalism

- Introduced European scholars to Arabic learning

- Established new religious orders like Knights Templar

- Promoted cultural exchange between East and West

How many major crusades were there?

8

What is the religious text of Islam?

Qur'an (Koran)

What is simony?

The controversial practice of selling and buying positions or favor within the Church.

Who is the founder of Islam, what is its religious text, and how was it revealed to the founder?

Muhammad

religious text - Qur'an

the angel Gabriel visited him and gave him a series of revelations that his followers recorded in writing in a sacred text

Why was the Avignon papacy referred to as the Babylonian Captivity?

referring back to Jewish history of the Old Testament times when the Chosen People were carried off to exile in Babylon

Explain the importance of the Scholastic Method.

encouraged two or more masters (professors) and sometimes students to question, examine, and logically arrange details into a meaningful whole.