Cell Organelles: Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum

These flashcards review the key concepts related to ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotic cells, their functions, and the implications of mutations in DNA.

What is the main function of ribosomes in cells?

To produce proteins by following instructions from DNA.

What is the role of mRNA in protein synthesis?

mRNA transmits a snippet of information from DNA to the ribosome.

What happens if the code in DNA changes?

It can potentially change the protein produced.

What are free ribosomes?

Ribosomes that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, not attached to anything.

How do ribosomes contribute to protein synthesis?

They translate mRNA transcripts to synthesize proteins.

In which cells are free ribosomes particularly abundant?

In cells with high rates of protein synthesis, like pancreatic cells.

What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER?

Rough ER has ribosomes attached to it, giving it a rough appearance.

What is the function of rough ER?

To produce proteins and more endoplasmic reticulum.

What does smooth ER synthesize?

Lipids, steroids, and hormones.

What is one key function of smooth ER in the liver?

To detoxify drugs and toxins.

What happens to the liver with excessive drug or alcohol use?

It can wear out more quickly due to high detoxification demands.

How does the ribosome respond to changes in the mRNA code?

It carries out the instructions without making corrections.

What analogy is used to describe the function of ribosomes?

They are referred to as protein factories.

What is detoxification?

The process of breaking down toxins in the body.

Why is the liver particularly involved in detoxification?

It is where a lot of detoxifying takes place in the body.

What happens if there is a mutation in the DNA?

The ribosome will produce proteins according to the mutated code.

What is a key structural feature of rough ER?

It appears rough due to ribosomes attached to it.

What do scientists often call the endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes?

Smooth ER.

What cells have a lot of smooth ER?

Liver cells, as they are involved in detoxification.

What is the dual role of ribosomes when attached to rough ER?

They synthesize proteins and create more endoplasmic reticulum.

What significant role do proteins play in the body?

They perform critical functions necessary for life.

What does the presence of many free ribosomes indicate about a cell?

The cell has a high rate of protein synthesis.

Why do scientists name cells and structures descriptively?

To reflect their appearance or function.

What two types of organelles are highlighted in this chapter?

Ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

Which RNA type is directly involved in protein production?

mRNA (messenger RNA).

What can excessive medication usage do to the liver?

It can contribute to premature aging of the liver.

What is produced by the ribosomes according to the mRNA transcript?

Specific proteins based on the instructions.