SCIENCE

seismic waves

vibration that travel through the earth

seismograph

instrument to detect and record seismic waves

richter scale

Scale used to compare earthquakes

Body waves and surface waves

two types of seismic waves

Body wave

travel through the inner layers of the earth

surface waves

travel on the surface of the earth

P-waves and S-waves

two types of body waves

Love waves and rayleigh waves

types of surface waves

primary waves

travel at a straight line and can pass through solid sections of the earth but are bent when traveling in liquids

secondary waves

Wavy lines and cannot travel to liquids

Love waves

fastest type and move the ground side to side

Named after Augustus Edaward H Love

rayleigh wave

travel in a circular motion and named after John Willian Strutt

Volcanism

Magma escapes from earths interior to form cool and hard rocks

Volcano

It is a landform with an opening at the tip

crater

the opening or tip of a volcano

hotspots

Volcanoes that arise from the excretion of magma to the mantle

Volcano hazards

volcano emits large volumes of gasses pryoclatic materials and lava and creates a mild earthquake in the area

Oregeny

process of mounting building

mountain

a large surface feature that rises above its relative

mountain range

multiple mountains

Anticline

the peak of any folded rock layer

syncline

lowest point of the fold

tight fold

folding rock layers

overfold

bending or warping of folding rock layers

Rucumbent fold

a type of fold that is the result of too much bending

Nappe

A fold that has overturned causing rock layers to be fractured

faults

cracks in the earths crust where rocks move

Normal fault

The hanging wall moves down

reverse fault

the hanging wall goes up

thrust fault

special kind of reverse fault but with a gentle slope

strike slip fault

rocks slide past eachother horizontally

dip slip fault

these faults moves up and down

Oblique-slip fault

mix of dip slip and strike slip moves diagonally

epicenter

point on the surface directly above focus

shallow

0-70 km

intermediate

70-300 km

deep

300km

underwater earthquake

happens when oceanic crust is pushed under continental crust

Crust

Thinnest outermost layer

crust made of

granite and basalt and solid

oceanic crust

denser but thinner than continental crust

continental crust

less dense but thicker than oceanic crust

Mantle

Middle layer

Core

inner layer

Mantle made of

ferro magnesium and semi solid

Lithosphere

consist of the crust and top part of the mantle and made of solid rocks/minerals

lithos

greek for rock

Asthenosphere

part of the mantle and made if bendable rock

astheno

greek for weak

Mesosphere

below astehnosphere in the bottom of the mantle and touches the outer core made of strong hard rock

meso

greek for middle

Outer core

Hot liquid that is between the mesosphere and the inner core

inner core

center of the earth and solid metal ball

core is made of

Iron and nickel