chapter 1&2 imto to animal science

Animal Science

The collective study of domestic animals.

Main Specialties of Animal Science

Genetics, Nutrition, Physiology, Animal Health, Ethology, Meat Science, Dairy Product Science, Biotechnology.

Origin of Animal Science

It began with hunter-gatherers who used animals for meat, bones, and skins.

Global Distribution of Large Farm Animals and Poultry

About 4.9 billion large farm animals and 22.9 billion poultry worldwide.

Developing Countries' Share of Farm Animals and Production

Developing countries have over two-thirds of large farm animals but only about one-third of meat, milk, and wool production.

Percentage of Total Food Energy from Animal Products

17.7%.

Global Protein Consumption Provided by Animals

About 40%.

Major Animal Protein Sources and Their Shares

Meat about 48.4%, Milk 26%, Fish 17%, Eggs 8.6%.

Other Important Contributions of Animals Beyond Food

Nutrient-dense foods, fiber and materials (wool, hair), fertilizer, draft power, biomedical research models, service animals.

Global Nutrition Disparities Related to Animal-Product Diets

North America ~27.8% of calories from animal products; Africa ~8.4%; about 795 million people are undernourished globally.

Veterinary Schools in the U.S. and Admission Competitiveness

About 30–31 vet schools; roughly 30,000 applicants per year; about 100 students admitted per school.

Dog Domestication Dates (DNA and Archaeology)

DNA evidence suggests up to 30,000 years ago; archaeological evidence around 14,000 years ago (about 12,000 B.C.).

Estimated Domestication Dates for Animals

Sheep 8000 B.C.; goats/pigs/cattle 6500 B.C.; chickens 6000 B.C.; llamas 5500 B.C.; donkeys 4000 B.C.; horses 3500 B.C.; reindeer 3000 B.C.

Origin of Animal Science as a Discipline

Hunter-gatherers began domesticating animals and managing/using them, which led to the development of animal science.

Role of Draft Animals in Developing Countries

They serve as an important power source.

Nutrient Density

A diet where foods provide many nutrients relative to calories, and those nutrients are digestible and readily available.

Share of Global Dietary Energy from Plant vs. Animal Products

Cereals account for about 45.16% of calories; plant products overall provide about 82.3% of energy; animal products provide about 17.7%.

Uses and By-products of Animals in Industry and Agriculture

Slaughter by-products used for industrial and consumer products; manure used as fertilizer; draft power; fibers like wool and hides.

Use of Animals in Biomedical Research

Animals are used as models for humans to study health and disease, improving animal health and livestock productivity and enabling therapies.

Example of Animal-Derived Pharmaceuticals

Pig-derived products (e.g., desiccated thyroid, heparin); Premarin from pregnant mare urine; glucosamine; chondroitin; gelatin capsules.

Key Takeaway from the Chapter's Summary

Animals are used for many purposes; their numbers are increasing; they are important in feeding the population and in human health research.

Factors Affecting the Future of Animal Science

Population growth, rising income in developing vs developed countries, and land-use considerations and solutions.

Percentage of Undernourished People Globally

795 million.

Nutrient and Essential Nutrient Definition

A chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body; essential nutrients are necessary for normal maintenance, growth, and functions.

Per Capita

Per unit of population.

By-products in Meat Processing

Substances remaining after processing a carcass; some are edible, some not.

Metric Ton (MT)

About 1,000 kilograms (1,000,000 grams); roughly 1.1 US tons per the notes.

Essential Fatty Acids

Fatty acids required in the diet.

Ghee

Clarified butter.

The FAO and its Purpose

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; promotes agricultural development to alleviate poverty and hunger.

Nutrient Density

A measure of essential nutrients in a food relative to its caloric content.

Draft Animal

An animal used to move loads by drawing or pulling.

Compost

Decayed organic matter used for fertilizing and conditioning land.

Poultice

A soft moist mass held between layers of cloth, usually warm, applied to the body.

Pesticides

Any agent or poison used to destroy pests (fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides).

Recombinant DNA

DNA molecules that have had new genetic material inserted; a product and tool of genetic engineering.

Xenotransplantation

The transplanting of animal organs into humans.

Meat's Contribution to Diet

Meat provides substantial shares of protein and energy, and also vitamins and minerals.

Annual Meat Supply per Capita (Affluent vs. Poor Countries)

Approximately 280 pounds per person per year in some affluent countries; very little in poor countries.

Most Important Meat Source and its Share

The pig, producing about 36.4% of the world's meat.

Animals Producing Most of the World's Meat

Pigs, poultry, and beef/buffalo.

Trend in Poultry Meat's Share of World Meat Production

Poultry meat is increasing faster than the average meat, becoming a larger part of total world meat production.

Most Cost-Effective Meat

Poultry.

BSE (Mad Cow Disease)

A brain disease in cows (spongiform) that can be fatal; concerns about transmission to humans.

Reason for Not Consuming Brains and Spinal Cords

Because of concerns about transmission of BSE.

Nutrients Provided by Milk

Protein, energy, minerals, and vitamins.

Annual Per Capita Consumption of Whole Milk in Some Countries

About 750 pounds per year.

Milk Production Trend Over Last Two Decades

Milk production has increased slowly for two decades.

Growth Rate of Total Milk Production

About 2.5% per year.

Species Accounting for Majority of Milk Production Worldwide

Cattle ~83%, buffalo ~13%; remainder from sheep, camels, and goats.

Approximate Global Milk Usage in Metric Tons per Year

About 770 million metric tons per year.

Role of Dairy in Human Fat Intake

Dairy is a major source of fat in human diets.

Why Poultry is Attractive to Small Producers

Low initial investment and minimal feed, equipment, and housing; can provide food for owners.

Nutrients in Eggs

Protein and fat; provides essential calories and fatty acids.

Value of Animal Products Beyond Nutrition for Bland Foods

They supplement the taste of bland, starchy foods that form the bulk of such diets.

Common Renewable Body Coverings from Animals

Sheep wool and skins, goats cashmere and mohair, and alpacas.

Annual Mohair Yield per Angora Goat

About 6 pounds per animal per year.

Cashmere and its Acquisition

Cashmere is the fine underfur of Kashmir goats; small amounts per animal and requires removal from coarse guard hair.

Location Where Kashmir Goats are Raised

In the high plateaus of Tibet, China, and northern India.

Fiber Produced by Yaks

A coarse fiber used for clothing and the best horse blankets.

Camel Hair Uses

Woven into cloth, blankets, or tent fabric.

Animal Producing Higher-Quality Wool than Most Sheep

Alpaca.

Karakul and Kuche

Fur-bearing breeds of sheep.

Special Aspect of Lamb Pelts

Lambs are slaughtered within a few days of birth and pelts are removed.

Where Karakul Thrives

Dry environments such as Afghanistan and Namibia.

Use of Kuche Pelt

Used for fur hats, collars, and coats (northern Asia).

Silk Production Location and Quantity

Silk from silkworms is important for agriculture in China, India, Uzbekistan; around 1000 MT.

Major Draft Animals

Oxen, donkeys, horses, buffaloes, mules, and camels.

Species Used for Draft Animals in Specific Regions

Yaks, llamas, goats, reindeer.

Most Powerful and Fastest Draft Animals

Oxen and buffalo are among the most powerful; horses and mules are the fastest.

Compost Uses

Decayed organic matter used for fertilizing and conditioning land.

Poultice Use

A warm, soft, moist mass applied to the body between layers of cloth (used in wound healing in some cultures).

Building with Manure and Soil Blocks

In some cultures houses are built from blocks made of 50% manure, soil and straw.

Why Manure is Preferred by Small Farmers

It improves soil texture more effectively than chemicals.

Nutrients in Urine for Soil Fertility

Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

Use of Grazing Animals and Ducks in Pest Control

They can help control pests and weeds on land.

Pesticides

Any agent or poison used to destroy pests (fungicides, insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides).

Livestock as Capital

Livestock can be stored as capital or used in barter or sale.

Purpose of Livestock Exhibitions

To promote breeds to potential buyers.

Spectator Sports Involving Animals

Racing camels, horses, buffalo; dogs, fowl, turtles, frogs.

Fighting Animals

Bulls, buffalo, sheep, and chickens.

Service Animals and Drug-Search Dogs

Service animals; dogs used to detect drugs or search.

Marriage Contracts Involving Animals

A marriage contract that involves animal exchanges.

Non-Food Slaughter By-products

By-products from slaughter that are not used for food.

Impact of Animal Research on Human Lifespan

The average human lifespan has increased by about 30 years due to health research conducted on animals.

Common Animals Used in Laboratory Research

Rats, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, rabbits; more recently dogs and cats.

Purpose of Genetically Engineering Animals

To mimic human disease conditions for research and to find cures and treatments.

Value of Cash Receipts in Animal Agriculture

Approximately $175 billion.

Notable Nutrient in Fish

Omega-3 fatty acids.