geography - option E (1.5/2)

niche tourism

niche tourism

something unique, not really popular

adventure tourism

requires risk, specific skill or equipment

Mount Everest

• highest mountain in the world (located in the Himalayas, at the border between Nepal and China)

• there are specific requirements a person must meet in order to even attempt to visit M. Everest

• the Chinese side is easier to climb technically, but it is colder there, the Nepalese side is more challenging and has more frequent weather changes, but is a bit warmer

• are those countries encouraging climbing M. Everest? Nepal yes/no, China not really

Nepalese side

• Nepalese government has introduced a quota system setting the maximum number of climbers that will be permitted to make an attempt on Everest in a desperate measure to prevent overcrowding

• Anyone visiting Mount Everest must pay a $4,000 deposit, and the money is refunded if the person returns with eight kilograms of garbage—the average amount that a single person produces during the climb.

• In order to get a permit, all climbers seeking to climb Mount Everest must provide a proof of successfully climbing a 7,000 m peak before 

• People under 16 years of age and over 75 years of age are banned 

• Climbers must be accompanied by a guide at all times 

• The permit cost for a foreigner is $11 000 (it will be $15 000 starting 2025) 

Chinese side

• To climb Mt. Everest from the Tibetan side, you have to get permission from the General Administration of Sport of China.

• Up until 2007, the trend was for more climbers to choose the north route (Chinese) due to lower costs. But with the Chinese restricting permits over the past few years, the south side has retained the lead as the preferred route primarily due to commercial operators wanting to reduce uncertainty and to limit their risks.

movie location tourism

places where movies where shot

Game of Thrones (Dubrovnik)

• In 2016, when UNESCO warned Dubrovnik that its World Heritage Status was at risk, it recommended the city restrict visitor numbers to 8,000 per day

• Cruise ships docking are to be capped at two a day, with a maximum of 5000 passengers each and staggered arrival and departure times. It’s intended this will reduce numbers by a fifth.

• website

Game of Thrones (Spain)

In Spain the tourism was very much appreciated. There were tours themed with the movie and museums.

heritage tourism

important places for humanity

Taj Mahal

• entry tickets (can be bought online) are much more expensive than those for Indians

• some basic regulations, ex. no smoking

• additional tours (night tours)

• Fridays are unavailable due to religious reasons, as the Taj Mahal is an Islam building

Machu Picchu

• The most important thing to note here is that all tickets to visit Machu Picchu MUST be purchased in advance. There are no tickets sold at the gate when you arrive.  

• All visitors must be accompanied by a Tour Guide. A group must not exceed 16 visitors. A maximum of 500 people per day (including supporting staff)

• Ticket prices are increased each year

development of tourism

[the Budler's model]

reasons such development:

• better transport, people start interacting with tourists (taxi drivers, guide, etc.)

• mass tourism starts, tourism-oriented business is created, etc.

• after some time the area loses its attractiveness (too many people visit those places, the touristic resources become less attractive, as they may get ruined, ex. hotels)

three scenarios after:

1. the place will be maintained in good condition, therefore people will come there, but less than at its peak

2. the place loses its attractiveness completely, as the place isn't maintained

3. the place become attractive again, as new investors come (or some unexpected events such as shooting a movie)

costs and benefits of TNCs involvement (example)

• Gołebiewski hotels influences:

• local businesses

+ they might benefit from new customers

+ transportation businesses might benefit from new customers 

+ local guides might be hired by TNCs

+ unique restaurants might benefit from new customers

-other hotels will lose their customers

-some customers will not choose the local businesses

-mass tourists might be transported by a pre-arranged bus

-mass tourists might have their own guide

• rich tourists

+ they have a place to visit up to their standards

-the local attractions might not be up to their standards

• government

+ boost for the economy (people incoming, local workers now have jobs)

+ prosperity

-more foreigners could lead to higher crime

-people may not be happy

-loss of space/resources

-businesses go out of business

• local community

+ economic boost

+ new attractions

-noise

-worse type of jobs (newly taken)

-long working hours (24h)

-interference with social life

-higher prices

• environmentalists

+ it's better to have a hotel than a factory

+ rich owners are able to afford renewable energy sources

-harmful to the environment

tourism as a national development strategy (Maldives)

• The Fifth Tourism Master Plan (5TMP) aims to position Maldives as the world's leading destination in sustainable tourism with a special focus on making Maldives an accessible tourism destination.

• Tourism, which accounts for almost one-third of the economy, has maintained its robust growth performance in the first half of 2023

• The positive effects are that it increases income, helps to spread culture, and creates employment opportunities.

• Tourism is the largest economic industry in the Maldives, as it plays an important role in earning foreign exchange revenues and employing 25,000 people in the tertiary sector of the country.

• To promote development, Maldives has scaled up infrastructure investments since 2016. Although these investments have contributed towards growth and better living standards, financing of these large investments has led to growing debt vulnerabilities.

• Tourism can negatively impact locals because a large portion of the resorts are owned by foreign companies and that means that the locals of the Maldives won’t be receiving a high percentage of the money because it would’ve gone overseas.

tourism as a national development strategy (Bhutan)

Protecting nature and culture is part of the Bhutanese value system and is an important aspect of the traditional way of life in Bhutan, and its tourism policy reflects these concerns. The policy of imposing a US$ 200 per person per day tariff (including a $65 royalty charged by the government plus food, accommodation, local transport and guides) has succeeded in providing a source of government income for education, health and building tourism and transport infrastructure, while at the same time making tourism in Bhutan an exclusive and distinctive experience. 

factors affecting hosting of international sporting events (London 1912 Olympic Games)

Economic >>

- New sporting venues built, improved infrasturcture

- Creating new commuting routes, increased connectivity in London

- New train station created

- Creation on new job opportunities

 

- Low-paid jobs provided only for local community >> creation of office spaces won't support job needs of one of poorest districts

 

Environmental >>

- Creating parks, natural places

- Revitalising brown field sites

- Docomtaninating land

- Increased pollution caused by incoming tourists, traffic, depletion of resources

 

Cultural >>

- Increased popularity of the district, more visitors

- Scattered local communities across London

- Loss of cultural identity of the district

 

Social >>

- People getting financial benefits as they must move out to new residential areas

- People being evicted from their homes, resettled, relocated to the new place

- Local businesses had to be moved, changing purpose of area Local community was scattered across whole London

factors affecting hosting of international sporting events (Qatar Football Championship 2022)

benefits

• Extensive infrastructure development

• Qatar also invested heavily in transportation infrastructure

• Boosting tourism industry, an estimated 1.2 million visitors visited the first Middle East nation to host the tournament.

• Potential growth for the sports sector, the tournament has put a spotlight on the country and could attract more international attention to local sports teams and leagues

costs

• Cost $229 billion (£138 billion)

• 50 migrant workers across all sectors died in work-related accidents last year, most of them in falls or road traffic accidents, it didn't provide data for other years. In addition, there were 38,000 work-related injuries last year, 500 of them classed as severe. The report didn’t specify how many were related to the World Cup.

• Soccer players have raised concerns over the rights of fans traveling to the Nov. 20-Dec. 18 World Cup, especially LGBTQ individuals and women, whom rights groups say Qatari laws discriminate against.

• Security risks due huge inflow of fans

• Traffic congestion

• Huge environmental costs