UNIT 2 TEST- Review Questions

What does the term Ladino mean?

Africans who were familiar with Iberian culture ( English and Portuguese) who joined explorers on early expeditions to the Americas

What roles did Africans play in early European colonization of the Americas?

Africans played crucial roles as laborers, guides, and interpreters in early European colonization, contributing to exploration, and agriculture growing colonial wealth and success. DISPELS MISCONCEPTION THAT ALL AFRICANS WERE ENSLAVED IN THE EARLY AMERICAS

Who was Juan Garrido?

African Conquistador who aided in the conquest of Puerto Rico and Cuba. He profited off of agriculture, and himself enslaved natives. He is known to have written a letter to King Charle V requesting more funds based off of his success and status.

Who was Estevanico ( Esteban)?

Estevanico was the first African to explore the southwestern United States and was a key figure in the early Spanish expeditions, serving as a guide and interpreter.

What European country primarily began the international slave trade out of Africa?

Portugal, with its extensive maritime exploration and trading networks.

Where were the primary departure zones out of Africa in the slave trade?

The primary departure zones out of Africa in the slave trade were the coastal regions of West Africa, including modern-day countries like Senegal, Gambia, Ghana, and Nigeria.

What European empires were heavily involved in the slave trade?

The European empires heavily involved in the slave trade included Portugal, Britain, France, Spain, and the Netherlands,

How was Charleston SC significant to the slave trade?

Charleston, SC was a major port city for the importation of enslaved Africans in the American colonies, becoming a key center for the slave trade and a significant point for the distribution of enslaved labor in the Southern economy.

What is Gullah/ Geechee culture?

African American Communities on abandoned plantation property that preserve African cultural traditions, language, and practices mixed with local influences, primarily found in the coastal regions of the Southeastern United States.

How does Gullah/Geechee culture survive? What threatens it?

Gullah/Geechee culture survives through the continued practice of language, storytelling, music, art, and food traditions passed down through generations, as well as community efforts to preserve their heritage. It is primarily threatened by real estate business trying to buy up the now valuable coastal land displacing these communities.

What is triangular trade?

Trade from Europe to Africa: manufactured goods→ slaves

Trade from Africa: MIDDLE PASSAGE→ transport of slaves to the Caribbean and the Americas

Trade from America: slaves traded and auctioned + raw materials being exchanged for manufactured goods from Europe

What was the March to the Sea in African slave trade?

The march to the sea was when inland africans were kidnapped and transported to the coast on a long, gruesome journey. Captured Africans were forced to trek on foot hundreds of miles to coastal trading centers with little food and water and forced to carry loads, those who did not comply were beaten or left to die along the road.

What was the Middle Passage?

The Middle Passage refers to the brutal sea journey that enslaved Africans were forced to endure as they were transported from Africa to the Americas, where they were sold into slavery. Conditions on the ships were horrific, with many suffering from disease, malnutrition, and abuse.

1/5 enslaved Africans die in the Middle passage

What was the Final Passage?

The Final Passage refers to the last leg of the journey for enslaved Africans who had survived the Middle Passage, often involving their sale and distribution to plantations or slaveholders in the Americas.

How did the slave trade affect African societies?

The slave trade had devastating effects on African societies, leading to population decline, the disruption of communities, and the destabilization of social and political structures as individuals were forcibly taken from their homes. Along with the social instability, firearms became more prevalent as a result of trade with Europe leading to an increase in conflict between states.

Who was Phillis Wheatley and why was her Poetry significant?

Phillis Wheatley was an enslaved African American poet who is recognized as the first published African American female writer in the United States. Her poetry, often reflecting themes of freedom and religion, challenged prevailing notions of race and demonstrated the intellectual capabilities of Black individuals. She wrote on her experiences being taken from Africa and living then in the Americas and how that affected her.

Who was Olaudah Equiano and why are his writings important to understanding the effects of the slave trade on African Americans?

He was an enslaved African who became a prominent abolitionist and writer. His writings provide a firsthand account of the horrors of the slave trade, contributing significantly to the abolition movement and raising awareness of the experiences of enslaved Africans.

What were some methods of resistance on slave ships?

Revolts, hunger strikes, creating alliances with fellow captives, and suicide

Why is La Amistad significant to understanding revolts on slave ships?

La Amistad was a Spanish slave ship involved in a historic revolt in 1839, where enslaved Africans took control of the vessel. This event not only highlighted the resistance against slavery but also led to a significant Supreme Court case that underscored the legal and moral issues surrounding slavery in the United States.

What is important to understand about the La Amistad case?

The case did not condemn the institution of slavery itself, rather the international slave trade

How did slave ship diagrams influence the abolitionist movement?

They visually exposed the inhumane conditions and treatment of enslaved people, helping to raise awareness and spur public outcry against slavery.

What were the primary types of slave sales in the US?

The primary types of slave sales included auction sales,scramble sales, and fixed sales. These methods facilitated the buying and selling of enslaved individuals, often resulting in family separations.

What was the Second Middle Passage?

The Second Middle Passage refers to the domestic slave trade within the United States that occurred following the prohibition of the Atlantic slave trade after 1808, which involved the forced relocation of enslaved people from the Upper South to the Lower South.

Who was Solomon Northup and why is his story important?

Solomon Northup was a free African American man who was kidnapped and sold into slavery, later recounting his experiences in the memoir "Twelve Years a Slave." His story is important as it highlights the brutal realities of slavery and the plight of free blacks in America.

How did King cotton influence the rise of slavery int he south?

Cotton production significantly grew the Southern economy, driving demand for slave labor to increase production and profits. This led to the expansion of slavery and the establishment of a plantation economy in the South.

Why was the Southern economy considered anti-capitalist?

Because it relied heavily on slave labor and agriculture, which stifled industrial growth and economic diversification common in capitalist systems. This dependence on slavery created a hierarchical society that favored landowners and maintained an unequal distribution of wealth.

What are the differences between gang labor and task labor in southern plantation slavery?

Gang labor involved groups of slaves working together under close supervision throughout the day, while task labor allowed slaves to complete specific tasks at their own pace, providing more autonomy once the task was finished, however both systems were still corrupt and often unfair to slaves.

Why did formerly enslaved people lack generational wealth?

Despite African American slaves roles in the success of the plantation economy in the south, they never benefitted from the wealth generated, this along with systemic barriers following emancipation caused a lack of transferable wealth between families and generations.