Chemistry Final - Unit 8 (Chemical Equations and Reactions)

what is a chemical equation?

a short hand expression for describing a chemical change

____ and ____ information is contained in chemical equations

qualitative, quantitative

what is this chemical equation symbol?

“yields”, indicates result of reaction

what is this chemical equation symbol?

Used in place of a single arrow for a reversible reaction

what is this chemical equation symbol?

A reactant or product in the solid state

what is this chemical equation symbol?

Alternative to (s); used only for a precipitate formed in a solution

what is this chemical equation symbol?

A reactant or product in the liquid state

what 4 things are NOT given in a chemical equation?

1. whether the reaction will actually occur

2. the speed of the reaction

3. the actual pathway atoms and ions take in moving from reactants to products

4. the ratio of the masses of the products and reactants

what 2 things are given in a chemical equation?

1. states when the reaction goes to completion

2. states when the reaction reaches equilibrium or is reversible

all combustion reactions have the products ___ and ___

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O)

in a single replacement reaction, a cation replaces a ____

cation

in a single replacement reaction, an anion replaces a ____

anion

in a single replacement reaction, a metal will only replace another metal if it is ___ reactive

more (higher on the activity series)

in double replacement reactions, ions exchange places in ___ solutions

aqueous

in a double replacement reaction in an aqueous solution, only 1 ion reacts, while the _____ do not.

spectator ions

a _____ are used to show the actual reaction taking place in an aqueous solution

net ionic equation

all compounds containing Br^-, Cl^-, or I^-, are soluble, except when combined with ions of ___, ___, or ___.

Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, or Pb²⁺

compounds containing HCO₃^-, are only soluble with ____ and ___.

alkaline earth metal ions and alkali metal ions (group 1 and 2)

compounds containing OH^- are only soluble with ____, ____, or ___.

Ba, group 1, or NH₄

all compounds containing CO₃, PO₄, or S, are only soluble with ____ or ___.

Group 1 or NH₄

what is a redox reaction?

a chemical reaction in which elements undergo changes in oxidation number.

the only type of reaction not included in redox reactions is ____

double replacement reactions

what is a reducing agent?

the element being oxidized in a redox reaction; donates electrons

what is an oxidizing agent?

the element being reduced in a redox reaction; accepts electrons

an oxidation half-reaction is a way to write the equation for ____

ionization energy

a reduction half-reaction is a way to write the equation for ______

electron affinity

half-reactions are only combined if _______

the electrons all cancel (same amount for both oxidation and reduction)

in nuclear fusion, the nucleus gets ____ by combining ____ nuclei

heavier, small and light

in nuclear fusion, a more ____ nucleus is formed

stable

another term for nuclear fusion is ___

thermonuclear reactions

in nuclear fission, a ____ nucleus divides to form ___ nuclei

heavy, smaller

what is radioactivity/radioactive decay?

the spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a lighter, more stable nucleus (while emitting particles and/or electromagnetic radiation)

notation for a proton in nuclear reactions:

₁¹p or ₁¹H

notation for a neutron in nuclear reactions:

₀¹n

notation for an alpha particle in nuclear reactions:

₂⁴a or ₂⁴He

what is an alpha particle?

a helium nucleus with a charge of +2

alpha particles are common in ____ nuclei

heavy

notation for a beta particle in nuclear reactions:

_-1⁰β, _-1⁰e, -β, β^-

what is a beta particle?

an electron emitted from the nucleus

how is a beta particle formed?

from the breakdown of one neutron into a proton and an electron

notation for a positron in nuclear reactions:

₊₁⁰β, +β, ₊₁⁰e, β⁺

what is a positron?

a particle with the same mass of an electron but has a positive charge

how is a positron formed?

from the breakdown of a proton in the nucleus

what’s another name for a positron?

anti-electron

gamma radiation is emitted from the ___ as it changes from an excited state to a ____ state

nucleus, ground

gamma radiation is a product of _______

all nuclear reactions

what is alpha decay?

radioactive decay that emits an alpha particle

alpha decay example:

what is beta decay?

radioactive decay that emites beta particles

beta decay example:

beta particles are _____ ___ electrons

high speed

what is positron decay"?

radioactive decay that emits a positron

positron decay example equation:

what is electron capture?

the capture, by a proton, of an electron from the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus

electron capture example equation:

what is gamma decay?

radioactive decay that emits gamma rays

gamma rays are ___ ___ protons with ____ wavelengths

high energy, very short

gamma particles ____ change the mass number and atomic number

do not

gamma decay example equation: