AP World Unit 3 SAQ

What was the devshrime system?

What was the devshrime system?

The Ottoman bureaucracy and army depended on the appointment of state-owned slaves who were recruited/selected via the devshrime system. According to devshrime, the Ottomans accepted enslaved Christian boys as tribute ("blood tax") after they conquered [former] Byzantine territory in SE Europe .The enslaved boys, known as ghulams, were then converted to Islam, taught martial arts and administrative skills, and given privileges in exchange for loyalty/service

Why did the Ottomans develop/use the devshirme system?

Ghulams, state-owned slaves, served the Osman Dynasty as viziers, bodyguards, and elite soldiers known as Janissaries. In this way, the Osman Dynasty created a new and loyal upper-class of state-owned slaves and used them to insulate/protect themselves from political rivals/threat within the older upper-class

What was the zamindar (tax farming) system?

The Mughal government attempted to centralize or strengthen its authority through a network of noble landowners known as zamindars. Zamindars were tax farmers who leased/ rented royal lands and collected taxes(agricultural produce) from peasants living off the state-owned land. One-third of the produce collected (tax) went to the Mughal government, while the rest was kept by the zamindar as payment for his service to the shah/ruler.

How did some zamindars challenge/threaten the Mughal government?

Some zamindars stole money from the Mughal government by misrepresenting the amount of food harvested/collected from the land that they leased from the government. In doing so, some zamindars became so wealthy that they were able to develop/build personal armies and challenged/rivaled the Mughal government

How did the Ming make China's government Chinese again?

While the Yuan Dynasty abolished China's Confucian bureaucracy/civil service exam
The Ming, China's last ethnically Chinese dynasty, reinstated the Confucian bureaucracy/civil service exam that was previously used by the Song Dynasty. They also established a national school system (Confucian curriculum)

Why did the Ming send Zheng He on seven seafaring voyages?

After replacing the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty temporarily reinstated China's tributary system. Accordingly, The Ming sent Zheng He, a Muslim naval admiral who was part Chinese and Mongolic, on seven "tribute missions".Zheng He distributed "samples" of Chinese commodities (silk,porcelain,tea) to kingdoms/states throughout the Indian Ocean Basin in hopes of attracting new tributary states

How did China influence the Manchus before they conquered China?

The Manchus, a tribal kingdom from north of China's Great Wall, developed a Chinese style meritocracy before they conquered China. Accordingly, the Manchus developed a Confucian bureaucracy/civil service exam and accepted/appointed Chinese Confucian scholars who were not selected to serve in China's bureaucracy

How did the Manchu govern/administer China?

The Manchus established the Qing Dynasty after conquering the Ming. The Quing maintained the Ming's Confucian bureaucracy and civil service exam (unlike the Mongols). However, the Quing appointed a Manchus official to partner/supervise each chinese/confucian bureaucrat.

How did the Mongols lose power/authority over the Ruriks near Moscow?

Rurik princes from the Kievan Rus' annually paid tribute to the Golden Horde, a Mongol khanate, in exchange for semi-independence. Ivan III (the great) began to collect additional taxes from the East Slavs that he governed and used the surplus money to develop a better military. Ivan III then used the military to defeat the Golden Horde after he refused to pay tribute.

How did Moscow/Russia colonize Siberia (Northern Asia)?

Ivan IV (the Terrible) initiated a period of eastern expansion/conqest. He wanted greater control over fur trading. Ivan IV got the stroganovs, an extended family of wealthy landowners/salt miners, to organize the conquest and colonization of Siberia (Northern Asia).Accordingly , the Stroganovs used their wealth to hire Cossacks, turkic/slavic warriors, to fight Turkic and Mongolic tribes in Siberia (N. Asia) .In exchange. The Stroganovs received land/mineral rights and some authority over the lands that they colonized

How did the Tudors centralize or consolidate authority over England's nobility/lords?

Tudor monarchs centralized or strengthened their power/authority through a network of judicial/legal officers known as the Justices of the Peace (or JP). The JPs, recruited from the new/lower nobility, challenged and weakened the power of feudal lords who previously had the privilege of making/enforcing laws and collecting taxes. The JP were appointed to enforce the Tudor's royal laws/decree and settle [some] legal disputes

How did Henry VIII's reorganization of religion in England contribute to more power/authority for the Tudor Dynasty?

Henry VIII, a Tudor monarch, founded a separate Christian church, the Anglican Church (or Church of England), after the pope refused Henry's request to remarry. Henry VIII became the sole religious authority after he declared himself the leader of the Anglican Church-thus replacing the authority of the pope.Henry VIII also disbanded/seized control of Catholic assets in England (land,money) and used the seized assets to fund the Anglic Church and build a larger bureaucracy.

How did the Bourbon Dynasty centralize or consolidate authority over France's nobility/lords?

Bourbon monarchs centralized or strengthened his power/authority through a network of royal officials or bureaucrats known as intendants. The intendants, recruited from the lower nobility, challenged and weakened the power of feudal lords who previously had the privilege of making/enforcing laws and collecting taxes. The Intendants were appointed to enforce the Bourbons royal laws/decree and settle {some} legal disputes

How did Louis XIV's use the Palace at Versaille to centralize or consolidate authority over France's nobility/lords?

King Louis XIV, a Bourbon monarch, centralized or strengthened his power/authority by requiring the French nobility (lords) to maintain a residence at Versailles for part of the year. . Versailles, previously a small hunting lodge, was renovated and expanded by Louis XIV in order to accommodate and control France's nobility. Versailles became an opulent prison, where bureaucrats loyal to King Louis XIV spied on France's nobles/lords at a time when France's nobles were losing their feudal privileges.