Europe in 1485

What was the approx. population of Europe in 1485?

50 million

What was the approx. population of England in 1485?

2-4 million

Describe the position the English kings held in Ireland in 1485

They had been lords of Ireland since Henry II. However, they weren’t well liked and therefore had limited power, meaning Ireland was a threat

What position did Wales hold in regards to its relationship with England in 1485?

It had slowly been absorbed into England throughout the Middle Ages and this culminated in official unification agreements in 1536 and 1543

In what way was Scotland a threat to England? (think vague, general idea behind it)

The two were very much separate countries and therefore were constantly at war over land (although England usually won)

What was the name of the alliance between Scotland and France?

the Auld Alliance

Why were Scotland and France allies?

They were both at war with England over land

What was the name of the war between France and England over land and how long actually was it?

The 100 Years War, 116 years

What territory did England hold in modern-day France in 1485?

Only Calais

What were the four kingdoms that modern day Spain was made up of in 1485?

Castile, Aragon, Grenada, Navarre

In what way did Castile have an advantage over the other Spanish kingdoms? (3 ways)

It was biggest, richest and most powerful

Who was ruling over Castile in 1485?

Queen Isabella

In what way did Queen Isabella affect her daughter (C of A’s) character?

Queen Isabella was a fighting queen and was a strong, independent leader which arguably inspired her daughter’s determined spirit

Who was King of Aragon in 1485?

King Ferdinand

When did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella marry?

1469

Why was the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella significant?

It unified the two biggest kingdoms in Spain

Who ruled the Kingdom of Grenada? (2 stages)

The Moors from North Africa, then Isabella after she conquered it

Other than Grenada, which other kingdom was conquered by Castile in 1515? (Note: it was not Isabella herself who conquered this - she died in 1504, plus it was later lost to the French)

Navarre

What territories did the Aragon Kingdom extend to beyond modern-day Spain?

Sardinia, Sicily and more islands

Why were Italy and Spain enemies?

They were fighting over both Italy (as the Aragons had a claim to Naples) and Navarre

What made the Holy Roman Empire arguably the most powerful of all the regions in Europe in 1485?

It was an empire as opposed to just a kingdom and was the largest

Name two countries that made up the Holy Roman Empire in 1485 in central Europe

Germany, Switzerland

What made the emperors of the HRE different to the kings of other countries?

They were elected

Which family had been the emperors of the HRE and since which century?

Habsburgs, 13th

Who were the HRE’s main allies?

Spain and England

Which country acted as the HRE’s main enemy?

France

Which area in modern day Italy caused conflict between the HRE and France and why?

Milan as both countries had a claim to it

Name 3 modern day countries that made up some but not all of the Habsburgs’ inherited land

Austria, Luxembourg and the Netherlands

When was Italy united?

1871

What was Naples? (e.g. kingdom, duchy, empire)

Kingdom

What was the name of the region in modern-day Italy that was ruled by the Pope?

the Papal States

Give 3 details about what typical medieval Popes were like

Corrupt, didn’t follow their vow of chastity, not particularly spiritual

How did Florence work as a region? (see caveat to this on later flashcard)

It was a city state ruled by a city council

What was the name of the family that dominated over Florence?

The Medici family

Which region of Italy was the only republic in Europe in 1485?

Venice

Who ran Milan and what did this make it?

Duke, duchy

Which 2 countries had a claim to Milan and how?

France through family claim, HRE as it was within the HRE

What did Milan’s position within the HRE’s boundary mean for the HREmperor?

He had the right to get involved if there were any issues with succession

Which English king was also declared king of France that gave the English kings an additional claim to the French throne?

Henry VI

What was the only region of France still belonging to the English when Henry VII came to the throne?

Calais

Why were France and Spain enemies?

They both had claims over Naples and Navare

Why were France and the HRE enemies?

They both had claims over Burgundy and Milan

What was the title of the ruler of Burgundy?

Duke of Burgundy

Give 3 examples of modern-day countries in Europe that were under the control of Burgundy

Netherlands, Franche Comte, Luxembourg

Why did Burgundy dislike the French kings?

Although they didn’t want to be completely independent, they wanted to have the freedoms to make their own decisions and wanted to be semi-independent, with little interference from the French kings

Who did Burgundy support during the 100YW and why?

England as they both disliked the French kings

Who was the last Duke of Burgundy before the King of France took control of the land?

Charles the Bald

After Charles the Bald died in battle, why was there an issue with succession in Burgundy?

He only had a daughter (Mary) and French laws meant she was unable to inherit land

Why was the Ottoman Empire different to most countries in Europe?

Its people were Muslim whereas most people in Europe were Christians

What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire and why was their claiming of it significant?

Istanbul, it allowed them to move further westwards and north to take land

What were the names of Ferdinand and Isabella’s two children?

Catherine of Aragon, Joanna the Mad

Did Isabella and Ferdinand want to unite Castile and Aragon or keep them seperate?

Keep them seperate

Why were Isabella and Ferdinand unable to keep Castile and Aragon seperate?

When Isabella died in 1504, her daughter Joanna was too unstable to hold the position of Queen of Aragon. Her other daughter Catherine was off being Queen of England so therefore her husband Ferdinand had to take control of Castile, making him essentially king of France.

Who did Mary (Charles the Bold’s daughter) marry?

The future HRE Maximillian

What was the name of Mary and Maximillian’s son?

Philip the Handsome

Why did Philip the Handsome hold the title of the Duke of Burgundy?

His mother, Mary, still held the title of Duchess even if she didn’t rule Burgundy so the title passed to him

Why did Philip the Handsome never become HRE?

He died in 1506 whereas his father, HRE Maximillian, died in 1519

Who did Joanna the Mad marry and why?

Philip the Handsome (Duke of Burgundy, was meant to be next HRE), it made sense as Burgundy, Spain and HRE all hated the French so this solidified an alliance

What was the name of Joanna the Mad and Philip the Handsome’s son and when was he born?

Charles, 1500

When did Charles become Duke of Burgundy and therefore also ruled over regions like Luxembourg, Netherlands, etc.?

1506 at age 6

When did Charles become king of Spain aka when did Ferdinand die?

1516

When was Charles elected as HRE aka when did HRE Maximillian die?

1519

What made Charles arguably the most powerful leader in Europe by the age of 19?

From 1519, he controlled lots of regions in Central Europe plus regions in North Africa and the Americas.

Why did Charles choose to ally himself with England?

It meant France (his main enemy) would be surrounded by Charles’ territory and the territory of his allies

Who was king of Scotland from 1488 to 1513?

James IV

Who was king of Scotland from 1513 to 1542?

James V

When was Mary QofS queen of Scotland?

1542-1587

Who was king of France from 1483-1498?

Charles VIII

Who was King of France from 1498 to 1515?

Louis XII

Who was King of France from 1515 to 1547?

Francis I