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What was the approx. population of Europe in 1485?
50 million
What was the approx. population of England in 1485?
2-4 million
Describe the position the English kings held in Ireland in 1485
They had been lords of Ireland since Henry II. However, they weren’t well liked and therefore had limited power, meaning Ireland was a threat
What position did Wales hold in regards to its relationship with England in 1485?
It had slowly been absorbed into England throughout the Middle Ages and this culminated in official unification agreements in 1536 and 1543
In what way was Scotland a threat to England? (think vague, general idea behind it)
The two were very much separate countries and therefore were constantly at war over land (although England usually won)
What was the name of the alliance between Scotland and France?
the Auld Alliance
Why were Scotland and France allies?
They were both at war with England over land
What was the name of the war between France and England over land and how long actually was it?
The 100 Years War, 116 years
What territory did England hold in modern-day France in 1485?
Only Calais
What were the four kingdoms that modern day Spain was made up of in 1485?
Castile, Aragon, Grenada, Navarre
In what way did Castile have an advantage over the other Spanish kingdoms? (3 ways)
It was biggest, richest and most powerful
Who was ruling over Castile in 1485?
Queen Isabella
In what way did Queen Isabella affect her daughter (C of A’s) character?
Queen Isabella was a fighting queen and was a strong, independent leader which arguably inspired her daughter’s determined spirit
Who was King of Aragon in 1485?
King Ferdinand
When did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella marry?
1469
Why was the marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella significant?
It unified the two biggest kingdoms in Spain
Who ruled the Kingdom of Grenada? (2 stages)
The Moors from North Africa, then Isabella after she conquered it
Other than Grenada, which other kingdom was conquered by Castile in 1515? (Note: it was not Isabella herself who conquered this - she died in 1504, plus it was later lost to the French)
Navarre
What territories did the Aragon Kingdom extend to beyond modern-day Spain?
Sardinia, Sicily and more islands
Why were Italy and Spain enemies?
They were fighting over both Italy (as the Aragons had a claim to Naples) and Navarre
What made the Holy Roman Empire arguably the most powerful of all the regions in Europe in 1485?
It was an empire as opposed to just a kingdom and was the largest
Name two countries that made up the Holy Roman Empire in 1485 in central Europe
Germany, Switzerland
What made the emperors of the HRE different to the kings of other countries?
They were elected
Which family had been the emperors of the HRE and since which century?
Habsburgs, 13th
Who were the HRE’s main allies?
Spain and England
Which country acted as the HRE’s main enemy?
France
Which area in modern day Italy caused conflict between the HRE and France and why?
Milan as both countries had a claim to it
Name 3 modern day countries that made up some but not all of the Habsburgs’ inherited land
Austria, Luxembourg and the Netherlands
When was Italy united?
1871
What was Naples? (e.g. kingdom, duchy, empire)
Kingdom
What was the name of the region in modern-day Italy that was ruled by the Pope?
the Papal States
Give 3 details about what typical medieval Popes were like
Corrupt, didn’t follow their vow of chastity, not particularly spiritual
How did Florence work as a region? (see caveat to this on later flashcard)
It was a city state ruled by a city council
What was the name of the family that dominated over Florence?
The Medici family
Which region of Italy was the only republic in Europe in 1485?
Venice
Who ran Milan and what did this make it?
Duke, duchy
Which 2 countries had a claim to Milan and how?
France through family claim, HRE as it was within the HRE
What did Milan’s position within the HRE’s boundary mean for the HREmperor?
He had the right to get involved if there were any issues with succession
Which English king was also declared king of France that gave the English kings an additional claim to the French throne?
Henry VI
What was the only region of France still belonging to the English when Henry VII came to the throne?
Calais
Why were France and Spain enemies?
They both had claims over Naples and Navare
Why were France and the HRE enemies?
They both had claims over Burgundy and Milan
What was the title of the ruler of Burgundy?
Duke of Burgundy
Give 3 examples of modern-day countries in Europe that were under the control of Burgundy
Netherlands, Franche Comte, Luxembourg
Why did Burgundy dislike the French kings?
Although they didn’t want to be completely independent, they wanted to have the freedoms to make their own decisions and wanted to be semi-independent, with little interference from the French kings
Who did Burgundy support during the 100YW and why?
England as they both disliked the French kings
Who was the last Duke of Burgundy before the King of France took control of the land?
Charles the Bald
After Charles the Bald died in battle, why was there an issue with succession in Burgundy?
He only had a daughter (Mary) and French laws meant she was unable to inherit land
Why was the Ottoman Empire different to most countries in Europe?
Its people were Muslim whereas most people in Europe were Christians
What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire and why was their claiming of it significant?
Istanbul, it allowed them to move further westwards and north to take land
What were the names of Ferdinand and Isabella’s two children?
Catherine of Aragon, Joanna the Mad
Did Isabella and Ferdinand want to unite Castile and Aragon or keep them seperate?
Keep them seperate
Why were Isabella and Ferdinand unable to keep Castile and Aragon seperate?
When Isabella died in 1504, her daughter Joanna was too unstable to hold the position of Queen of Aragon. Her other daughter Catherine was off being Queen of England so therefore her husband Ferdinand had to take control of Castile, making him essentially king of France.
Who did Mary (Charles the Bold’s daughter) marry?
The future HRE Maximillian
What was the name of Mary and Maximillian’s son?
Philip the Handsome
Why did Philip the Handsome hold the title of the Duke of Burgundy?
His mother, Mary, still held the title of Duchess even if she didn’t rule Burgundy so the title passed to him
Why did Philip the Handsome never become HRE?
He died in 1506 whereas his father, HRE Maximillian, died in 1519
Who did Joanna the Mad marry and why?
Philip the Handsome (Duke of Burgundy, was meant to be next HRE), it made sense as Burgundy, Spain and HRE all hated the French so this solidified an alliance
What was the name of Joanna the Mad and Philip the Handsome’s son and when was he born?
Charles, 1500
When did Charles become Duke of Burgundy and therefore also ruled over regions like Luxembourg, Netherlands, etc.?
1506 at age 6
When did Charles become king of Spain aka when did Ferdinand die?
1516
When was Charles elected as HRE aka when did HRE Maximillian die?
1519
What made Charles arguably the most powerful leader in Europe by the age of 19?
From 1519, he controlled lots of regions in Central Europe plus regions in North Africa and the Americas.
Why did Charles choose to ally himself with England?
It meant France (his main enemy) would be surrounded by Charles’ territory and the territory of his allies
Who was king of Scotland from 1488 to 1513?
James IV
Who was king of Scotland from 1513 to 1542?
James V
When was Mary QofS queen of Scotland?
1542-1587
Who was king of France from 1483-1498?
Charles VIII
Who was King of France from 1498 to 1515?
Louis XII
Who was King of France from 1515 to 1547?
Francis I
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Flashcard (21)