CEP

What is a drug?

Any substance that modifies mind and/or body functioning.

What are psychoactive drugs?

Drug compounds that affect the central nervous system and/or alter consciousness and/or perceptions.

What is the difference between licit and illicit drugs?

Licit drugs are legal, while illicit drugs are illegal.

What is drug misuse?

Unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs.

What is drug abuse?

The intentional misuse of drugs for recreational purposes or perceived necessity.

What is psychological dependence?

The mental need to continue using a drug to experience its effects or relieve withdrawal symptoms.

What are some biological factors affecting drug use?

Genetic predisposition and individual physiological responses to drugs.

What are cultural factors in drug use?

How cultural perceptions and practices influence drug use behaviors.

What is one reason people might use drugs?

To escape reality.

What is the definition of drug addiction?

A condition where a person cannot control their use of a drug.

What are the physical effects of drug withdrawal?

Discomfort and illness that occur when stopping drug use.

What is the effect of social factors on drug use?

Peer influence and social environments can encourage or discourage drug use.

What is a 'gateway drug'?

A drug that potentially leads to the use of more addictive drugs.

What is the consequence of excessive drug use?

Illnesses, shortened lifespans, and criminal behavior.

What are some drug testing methods?

Urine, breath, hair, oral fluids, and sweat testing.

How long do drugs typically stay in your urine?

Varies by substance; for example, heroin can stay for 12 hours.

What does a healthy balance among mind, body, and spirit promote?

It encourages resilience against substance abuse.

What are the six examples of drug misuse?

Taking more drugs than prescribed, using drugs in excess without supervision, mixing drugs, using old medicines, discontinuing prescribed drugs, administering drugs without consultation.

What two types of dependence are associated with drug use?

Physical dependence and psychological dependence.

Who is most vulnerable to drug abuse?

Adolescents, individuals with dysfunctional family backgrounds, and those under peer pressure.

What factors can increase drug effects?

Body size, gender, other drug use, fatigue or illness, empty stomach, the strength of the drug, and mindset.

What are some risk factors for substance abuse?

Dysfunctional families, peer pressure, misperception of peer norms, psychological conflicts, and easy availability of drugs.

What perceptions contribute to adolescent drug abuse?

Teenage risk-taking behavior, viewing drug use as a rite of passage, and seeing it as glamorous.

What factors can lead to adult drug abuse?

Loss of identity due to job loss, grief from personal losses, and feelings of disappointment in life.

What is the DSM-5's term for substance abuse and dependence?

Substance use disorder.

What does pharmacological diagnosis of substance use disorder involve?

Taking drugs in larger doses, excessive time spent obtaining substances, and continual drug craving.

What models of addiction are discussed?

Moral model, disease model, and characterological model.

What is the disease model of addiction?

Belief that addiction is chronic and progressive with the user lacking control over substance use.

How do abused drugs function as reinforcers?

They enhance pleasure centers by releasing neurotransmitters like dopamine.

What psychological explanations focus on drug abuse?

Mental or emotional states of users, unconscious motivations, and social/environmental factors.

How is drug use learned according to learning theory?

Through positive social experiences linked with substance use, a process called conditioning.

What high-risk personality traits are associated with drug abuse?

Sensation-seeking, impulsivity, and little consideration of negative consequences.

What do structural influence theories emphasize regarding drug abuse?

The organization of society or subculture leading to the drug use of its members.

How do low-risk drug choices differ from high-risk choices?

Low-risk choices involve values supporting moderation and self-monitoring, while high-risk choices support habitual use and association with drug-using peers.

What role does peer pressure play in drug use?

It is a determining cause of drug experimentation, use, and/or abuse.