CNS functional anatomy (brain and spinal cord)

What are the two major divisions of the brain?

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

the brain and spinal cord

What is the peripheral nervous system (PNS) composed of?

consisting of nerves that connect CNS to peripheral structures

What are the two major cell types found in the nervous system?

1. Neuron

2. Glial cells

What is a neuron?

functional unit of nervous system, generates electrical signals (action potentials)

What are glial cells?

non neuronal cells that support neurons (do NOT) generate nerve impulses, protective cells

Describe the image:

Describe the image:

Where does the afferent neuron receive stimulus?

from the periphery to the CNS

Where are interneurons located?

lie entirely within the CNS and account for over 99% of all neurons

Where does the efferent neuron send a response?

sends a response coming from the CNS toward the PNS.

Why is the axon of the efferent neuron longer?

very long in efferent because it needs to be fast and therefore, is longer (convey info in a shorter period of time.

What are the different type of Glial cells?

1. Astrocytes

2. Oligodendrocytes

3. Ependymal cells

4. Microglia

What are astrocytes?

glial cells that regulate the blood-brain barrier and provide nutrients

• star shaped

What are Oligodendrocytes?

glial cells that make myelin in the CNS

What are Ependymal cells?

glial cells that make and control the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

What are microglia?

glial cells that provide immunity for neurons

What are Schwann cells?

apart of the PNS and make myelin there.

Describe the image:

Describe the image

What is the lateral sulcus between?

between the frontal and temporal lobes

Where is the Central sulcus between?

between the frontal and parietal lobe

Describe the image

What is coronal plane?

separates the front and back

What is horizontal plane?

separates the top and bottom

• What is sagittal plane?

• what is parasagittal?

• sagittal: separates the left and right (side view)

• parasagittal: when the plane is unequal.

What are the 3 main divisions of the human brain? (sagittal section)

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

What does the forebrain develop into?

Develops into the cerebellum and diencephalon

What does the midbrain develop into?

the midbrain doesn’t develop much during development

What does the hindbrain develop into?

develops into the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

Describe the image

Describe the image (Diencephalon (sagittal section)

Describe the image (Brain stem (lateral view))

What is gray matter? and what is it composed of?

• Lines the outside and unmyelinated

• Outer-shell of gray matter composed of cell bodies (give the area a grey appearnace)

• Nuclei in the brain and neuronal cell bodies are associated with gray matter

What is white matter? and what is it composed of?

• Inner layer of white matter

• composed of tracts of myelinated axons.

What structures are associated with the limbic system?

• Learning/memory

• Emotion

• Visceral function (Appetite)

• Sex

• Endocrine function

Describe the image (Major structures of the limbic system)

Describe the image

Bone of brain

• Skull for the brain

• Vertebrae for the spinal cord

Meninges

Is underneath the skull bone

• Dura mater

• Arachnoid mater

• Pia mater

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

• cushions the structures

• Ventricles are filled with CSF

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

• Helps maintain a stable environment for the brain

• chemical protective part of the brain

• Filters what enters the brain and the rate they enter

• Has tight junctions

• Endothelial cells have a space in blood vessels

BPAD

• Brain

• Pia mater

• Arachnoid matter

• Dura mater