Vocabulary Workshop Level F: Units 6-10

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100 Terms

1
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accrue

(v.) to grow or accumulate over time; to happen as a natural result

synonyms: collect, accumulate, proceed from
antonyms: dwindle, decrease, diminish, lessen

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annotation

(n.) a critical or explanatory note or comment, especially for a literary work

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bedlam

(n.) a state or scene of uproar and confusion

synonyms: commotion, pandemonium, chaos, anarchy
antonyms: peace and quiet, order, tranquility

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covert

(adj.) hidden, disguised, purposefully kept secret; sheltered, secluded; (n.) a sheltered place, a hiding place

synonyms: (adj.) undercover, clandestine, sub-rosa
antonyms: (adj.) open, overt, undisguised

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debonair

(adj.) pleasant, courteous, lighthearted; smooth and polished in manner and appearance

synonyms: carefree, jaunty, gracious, suave, urbane
antonyms: distraught, agitated, boorish, churlish

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dun

(v.) to demand insistently, especially in payment of a debt; (n.) a creditor; (adj.) dark, dull, drab, dingy

synonyms: (v.) hound, pester, harass, nag

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efficacious

(adj.) effective, producing results

synonyms: effectual, efficient, potent, powerful
antonyms: ineffective, worthless, useless

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equanimity

(n.) calmness, composure, refusal to panic

synonyms: tranquility, imperturbability
antonyms: excitability, flappability, agitation

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fortuitous

(adj.) accidental, occurring by a happy chance

synonyms: unintentional, unplanned, random, lucky
antonyms: intentional, deliberate, premeditated

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gist

(n.) the essential part, main part, or essence

synonyms: substance, core, nucleus

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gratuitous

(adj.) freely given; not called for by circumstances, unwarranted

synonyms: voluntary, unjustified, uncalled-for
antonyms: justified, warranted

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imperious

(adj.) overbearing, arrogant; seeking to dominate; pressing, compelling

synonyms: domineering, magisterial, urgent, imperative
antonyms: fawning, obsequious, humble, unassuming

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invective

(n.) a strong denunciation or condemnation; abusive language; (adj.) abusive, vituperative

synonyms: (n.) vituperation, abuse, diatribe, philippic
antonyms: (n.) tribute, panegyric, encomium

14
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motley

(adj.) showing great variety, composed of different elements or many colors; (n.) a jester's costume; a jester

synonyms: (adj.) variegated, heterogeneous, diverse; (n.) fool
antonyms: (adj.) uniform, homogenous, monochromatic

15
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munificent

(adj.) extremely generous, lavish

synonyms: bounteous, liberal
antonyms: stingy, miserly, tightfisted, parsimonious

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procrastinate

(v.) to delay, put off until later

synonyms: stall, temporize, dillydally

17
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provocative

(adj.) tending to produce a strong feeling or response; arousing desire or appetite; irritating, annoying

synonyms: stimulating, arousing, vexing, galling
antonyms: dull, insipid, bland, unstimulating

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recondite

(adj.) exceeding ordinary knowledge and understanding

synonyms: esoteric, arcane, profound, abstruse
antonyms: simple, uncomplicated

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reprobate

(n.) a depraved, vicious, or unprincipled person, scoundrel; (adj.) wicked, corrupt, or unprincipled; (v.) to disapprove of, condemn

synonyms: (n.) scoundrel, blackguard; (adj.) immoral, corrupt
antonyms: (n.) saint; (adj.) upright, virtuous, moral

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sedentary

(adj.) characterized by or calling for continued sitting; remaining in one place

synonyms: seated, stationary, static
antonyms: active, peripatetic, migratory

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abate

(v.) to make less in amount, degree, etc.; to subside, become less; to nullify; to deduct, omit

Synonyms: diminish, decrease, subside, let up
Antonyms: intensify, increase, magnify, wax

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adulation

(n) praise or flattery that is excessive

Synonyms: adoration, idolization, hero-worship
Antonyms: ridicule, derision, odium

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anathema

(n.) an object of intense dislike; a curse or stong denunciation (often used adjectivally without the article)

Synonyms: abomination, imprecation, malediction
Antonyms: benediction, blessing

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astute

(adj.) shrewd, crafty, showing practical wisdom'

Synonyms: shrewd, acute, sagacious, judicious, wily
Antonyms: Obtuse, doltish, empty-headed, dumb

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avarice

(n.) a greedy desire, particularly for wealth

Synonyms: cupidity, rapacity, acquisitiveness

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culpable

(adj.) deserving blame, worthy of condemnation

Synonyms : guilty, delinquent, peccant, blameworthy
Antonyms: blameless, innocent, laudable, meritorious

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dilatory

(adj.) tending to delay or procrastinate, not prompt; intended to delay or postpone

Synonyms: stalling, slow, tardy, laggard
Antonyms:prompt, punctual, speedy, expeditious

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egregious

(adj) conspicuous, standing out from the mass (used particularly in an unfavorable sense)

Synonyms: glaring, flagrant, blatant
Antonyms: unnoticeable, paltry, piddling

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equivocate

(v.) to speak or act in a way that allows for more than one interpretation, to be deliberately vague or ambiguous

Synonyms: to speak out of both sides of one's mouth, palter, hedge
Antonyms: to speak one's mind plainly

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evanescent

(adj.) vanishing, soon passing away; light and airy

Synonyms: ephemeral, transient, transitory
Antonyms: everlasting, immortal, imperishable

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irresolute

(adj.) unable to make up one's mind; hesitating

Synonyms: indecisive, vacillating, wavering
Antonyms: determined, decisive, unwavering

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nebulous

(adj.) cloudlike, resembling a cloud; cloudy in color, not transparent; vague, confused, indistinct

Synonyms: hazy, fuzzy, cloudy, vague, murky, opaque, indeterminate
Antonyms: definite, distinct, clear, sharply focused

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novice

(n.) one who is just a beginner at some activity requiring skill and experience (also used adjectivally)

Synonyms: neophyte, tyro, trainee, apprentice
Antonyms: veteran, past paster, pro, expert

34
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penury

(n.) extreme poverty; barrenness, insufficiency

Synonyms: destitution, want, indigence
Antonyms: alluence, luxury

35
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pretentious

(adj.) done for show, striving to make a big impression; claiming merit or position unjustifiably; making demands on one's skill or abilities, ambitious

Synonyms: inflated, ostentatious
Antonyms: unaffected, modest

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recapitulate

(v.) to review a series of facts; to sum up

Synonyms: review, summarize, sum up, go over

37
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resuscitate

(v.) to revive, bring back to consciousness or existence

syn: revitalize, reanimate, restore, reactivate

38
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slovenly

(adj.) untidy, dirty, careless

Synonyms: unkempt, slatternly, slipshod, lax
Antonyms: neat, meticulous

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supposition

(n.) something that is assumed or taken for granted without conclusive evidence

Synonyms: assumption, presumption, hypothesis

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torpid

(adj.) inactive, sluggish, dull

Synonyms: sluggish, lethargic, otiose, languid
Antonyms: energetic, vigorous

41
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acrimonious

(adj.) stinging, bitter in temper or tone
s: biting, caustic, rancorous, hostile, peevish
a: gentle, warm, mild, friendly, cordial

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bovine

(adj.) resembling a cow or ox; sluggish, unresponsive
s: stolid, dull, slow, stupid
a: alert, sharp, bright, keen, quick

43
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consternation

(noun) dismay, confusion
s: shock, amazement, bewilderment, dismay
a: calm, composure, aplomb

44
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corpulent

(adj.) fat; having a large, bulky body
s: overweight, heavy, obese, stout, portly
a: slender, lean, spare, gaunt, emaciated

45
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disavow

(verb) to deny responsibility for or connection with
s: disown, disclaim, retract, abjure
a: acknowledge, admit, grant, certify

46
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dispassionate

(adj.) impartial; free from emotion
s: unbiased, disinterested, cool, detached
a: committed, engaged, partial, biased

47
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dissension

(noun) disagreement, sharp difference of opinion
s: strife, discord, contention
a: agreement, accord, harmony

48
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dissipate

(verb) to cause to disappear; to scatter, dispel; to spend foolishly, squander; to be extravagant in pursuit of pleasure
s: disperse, strew, diffuse, waste
a: gather, collect, conserve, husband

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expurgate

(verb) to remove objectionable passages or words from a written text; to cleanse, clarify
s: purge, censor, bowdlerize

50
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gauntlet

(noun) an armored or protective glove; a challenge to combat
s: dare, provocation, trial, punishment

51
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hypothetical

(adj.) based on an assumption or guess; used as a tentative idea to direct an investigation
s: assumed, supposed, conjectural, conditional
a: actual, real, tested, substantiated

52
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ignoble

(adj.) mean, low, base
s: inferior, unworthy, dishonorable, sordid
a: admirable, praiseworthy, lofty, noble

53
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impugn

(verb) to call into question, to attack as false
s: challenge, deny, dispute, query, question
a: confirm, prove, verify, validate

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intemperate

(adj.) immoderate; lacking in self-control; inclement
s: excessive, extreme, unrestrained, inordinate
a: moderate, restrained, cool and collected

55
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odium

(noun) hatred, contempt; disgrace or infamy resulting from hateful conduct
s:abhorrence, opprobrium, shame, ignominy
a: esteem, admiration, approbation

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perfidy

(noun) faithlessness, treachery
s: betrayal, disloyalty, treason, duplicity
a: faithfulness, loyalty, steadfastness

57
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relegate

(verb) to place in a lower position; to banish; surrender, to assign, turn over
s: transfer, consign, demote, exile
a: promote, elevate, advance, recall

58
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squeamish

(adj.) inclined to nausea; easily shocked or upset; excessively fastidious or refined
s: nauseated, queasy, delicate, oversensitve, priggish

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subservient

(adj.) subordinate in capacity or role; serving to promote some end; submissively obedient, serving to promote some end
s: secondary, servile, obsequious, useful
a: primary, principal, bossy, domineering

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susceptible

(adj.) open to; easily influenced; lacking in resistance
s: vulnerable, receptive, impressionable
a: resistant, immune

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austere

(adj.)severe or stern in manner; without adornment or luxury, simple plain; harsh or sour
syn. forbidding, rigorous, puritanical, ascetic, unadorned, subdued
ant. mild, indulgent, luxurious, flamboyant

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beneficent

(adj.)performing acts of kindness or charity; conferring benefits, doing good
syn. humanitarian, magnanimous, charitable
ant. selfish, cruel, harmful, deleterious

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cadaverous

(adj.)pale, gaunt, resembling a corpse
syn. corpselike, wasted, haggard, emaciated, ghastly
ant. robust, portly, rosy, the picture of health

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concoct

(v.)to prepare by combining ingredients, make up (as dish); to devise, invent, fabricate
syn. create, fashion, rustle up

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crass

(adj.)coarse, unfeeling; stupid
syn. crude, vulgar, tasteless, oafish, obtuse
ant. refined, elegant, tasteful, polished, brilliant

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debase

(v.)to lower in character, quality or value; to degrade, adulterate; to cause to deteriorate
syn. cheapen, corrupt, demean, depreciate
ant. elevate, uplift, improve, enhance

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desecrate

(v.) to commit sacrilege upon, treat irreverently; to contaminate, pollute
syn. profane, defile, violate
ant. revere, honor, venerate, consecrate

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disconcert

(v.)to confuse; to disturb the composure of
syn. upset, rattle, ruffle, faze, perturb
ant. relax, calm, put at ease

69
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grandiose

(adj.)grand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affectation or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated
syn. majestic, bombastic, highfalutin
ant. simple, modest, unaffected, humble

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inconsequential

(adj.)trifling, unimportant
syn. trivial, negligible, petty, paltry
ant. important, essential, crucial, vital

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infraction

(n.)a breaking of a law or obligation
syn. violation, transgression, breach, offense

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mitigate

(v.)to make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity
syn. lessen, relieve, alleviate, diminish
ant. aggravate, intensify, irritate, exacerbate

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pillage

(v.)to rob of goods by open force (as in war), plunder; (n.) the act of looting; booty
syn. (v.) ravage, sack, loot; (n.) booty

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prate

(v.) to talk a great deal in a foolish or aimless fashion
syn. chatter, prattle, blab, blabber, palaver
ant. come to the point, not waste words

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punctilious

(adj.) very careful and extract, attentive to fine points of etiquette or propriety
syn. precise, scrupulous, exacting, fussy, finicky
ant. careless, negligent, lax, prefunctory

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redoubtable

(adj.) inspiring fear or awe; illustrious, eminet
syn. formidable, fearsome, awesome, august
ant. laughable, risible, contemptible

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reprove

(v.) to find fault with, scold, rebuke
syn. chide, chastise, upbraid, reproach
ant. praise, commend, laud, pat on the back

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restitution

(n.) the act of restoring someone or something to the rightful owner or to a former state or position; makin good on a loss or damage
syn. compensation, reimbursement, redress, restoration

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stalwart

(adj.) strong and sturdy; brave; resolute; (n.) a brave, strong person; a strong supporter; one who takes an uncompromising position
syn. (adj.) sturdy, stout, intrepid, valiant; (n.) mainstay
ant. (adj.) weak, infirm, irresolute, vacillating

80
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vulnerable

(adj.) open to attack; capable of being wounded or damaged; unprotected
syn. defenseless, exposed, unguarded
ant. invincible, protected, safe, secure

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anomalous

(adj.) Abnormal, irregular, departing form the usual.

SYNONYMS: Exceptional, Atypical, Unusual, Aberrant
ANTONYMS: Normal, Regular, Customary, Typical, Ordinary

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aspersion

(n) A damaging or derogatory statement; the act of slandering or defaming.

SYNONYMS: Innuendo, Calumny, Denigration
ANTONYMS: Endorsement, Testimonial, Praise

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bizarre

(adj.) Extremely strange, unusual, atypical.

SYNONYMS: Grotesque, Fantastic, Outlandish
ANTONYMS: Normal, Typical, Ordinary, Expected

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brusque

(adj.) Abrupt, blunt, with no formalities.

SYNONYMS: Curt, Tactless, Ungracious, Gruff, Rough
ANTONYMS: Gracious, Tactful, Courteous, Diplomatic

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cajole

(v.) To coax, persuade through flattery or artifice; to deceive with soothing thoughts or false promises.

SYNONYMS: Wheedle, Inveigle, Soft-Soap, Sweet-Talk
ANTONYMS: Coerce, Force, Strong-Arm

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castigate

(v.) To punish severely; to criticize severely.


Synonyms: Chastise, Rebuke, Censure, Upbraid

Antonyms: Reward, Honor, Praise, Laud

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contrive

(v.) To plan with ingenuity, invent; to bring about as the result of a scheme or plan.

SYNONYMS: Think UP, Devise, Concoct, Fabricate

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demagogue

(n.) A leader who exploits popular prejudices and false claims and promises in order to gain power.

SYNONYMS: Rabble-Rouser, Firebrand

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disabuse

(v.) To free from deception or error, set right in ideas or thinking.

SYNONYMS: Undeceive, Enlighten, Set Straight
ANTONYMS: Deceive, Delude, Pull wool over one's eyes.

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ennui

(n.) Weariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom.

SYNONYMS: Languor, World-Weariness, Listlessness
ANTONYMS: Enthusiasm, Liveliness, excitement, intensity

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fetter

(n.) A chain or shackle placed on the feet (often used in plural).
(v.) To chain or shackle; to render helpless or impotent.

SYNONYMS: (n.) Bond, Restraint; (v.) Bind, Hamper
ANTONYMS: (v.) Free, Liberate, Emancipate

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heinous

(adj.) Very wicked, offensive, hateful.

SYNONYMS: Evil, Odious, Abominable, Outrageous
ANTONYMS: Excellent, Wonderful, Splendid

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immutable

(adj.) Not subject to change, constant

SYNONYMS: Unchangeable, Unalterable, Fixed, Invariable
ANTONYMS: Changeable, Inconstant, Variable, Fickle

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insurgent

(n.) One who rebels or rises against authority.
(adj.) Rising in revolt, refusing to accept authority; surging or rushing in or on.

SYNONYMS: (adj.) Revolutionary, Rebellious, Mutinous
ANTONYMS: (adj.) Loyalist, Loyal, Faithful

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megalomania

(n.) A delusion marked by a feeling of power, wealth, talent, etc., Far in excess of reality.

SYNONYM: Delusions of grandeur
ANTONYMS: Humility, Modesty, Self-Abasement

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sinecure

(n.) A position requiring little or no work; an easy job.

SYNONYMS: "No-Show" Job, Cushy Job, "Plum"

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surreptitious

(adj.) Stealthy, secret, intended to escape observation; made or accomplished by fraud.

SYNONYMS: Furtive, Covert, Clandestine, Concealed
ANTONYMS: Open, Frank, Aboveboard, Overt

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transgress

(v.) To go beyond a limit or boundary; to sin, violate a law.

SYNONYMS: Overstep, Exceed, Trespass, Err
ANTONYMS: Obey, Toe the Line

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transmute

(v.) To change from one nature, substance, or form to another.

SYNONYMS: Transform, Convert, Translate, Metamorphose
ANTONYMS: Maintain Unchanged, Preserve

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vicarious

(adj.) Performed, suffered, or otherwise experienced by one person in place of another.

SYNONYMS: Surrogate, Substitute, Imagined, Secondhand
ANTONYMS: Real, Actual, Firsthand.