Lymphatic and Immune System

What are the structures within lymphatic circulation

capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts

What are the lymph organs and tissues

red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

What is the function of lymph fluid

\-drain excess interstitial fluid

\-return fluid back to venous circulation

\-maintain body fluid and blood volume

lymph organs and tissues function to contain masses of

lymphocytes and WBCs

Lymph organs can detect __ __or__ __

foreign invaders ; abnormal cells

lymph organs can initiate _______

immune response

Where is IF absorbed in lymphatic cirulation

lymphatic capillaries

Lymph capillaries have a ___ _____permeability and ___ diameter

higher; wider

An increase in pressure within the capillaries closes what?

endothelial junctions

What does lymph travel through to enter nodes

affarent lymphatic vessels

How does lymph exit lymph nodes

efferent lymphatic vessels

What receives lymph from vessels within major areas of the body?

lymphatic trunks

What are the largest vessels recieving lymph?

lymphatic ducts

Lymphatic ducts return fluid to

venous circulation

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts

Right and Thoracic (left)

Where does the R. lymph duct drain lymph from?

right head, neck, thorax, and arm

Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?

\-left head, neck, thorax, and arm,

\-all of the abodmen and pelvis

\-both lower limbs

Where do the lymph ducts drain lymph to

the brachiocephalic vein

What are the primary lymph organs and tissues

red bone marrow and thymus

What are the secondary lymph organs and tissues?

lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen

red bone marrow produces _______ cells

hemopoetic stem

the RBM differentiates cells into _______ stem cells

lymphoid

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes the RBM differentiates

B cells, natural killer cells, pre-t cells

What cells mature in the RBM

b cell and natural killer cells

Where do pre-T cells mature?

thymus

secondary lymph organs are sites where ______lymphocytes can be ___ to mount immune response

mature; activated

Pre- t cells can become ___ __and__ _____ in the thymus

cytotoxic; helper

Which structure filters lymph?

lymph nodes

Which lymph structure filters blood

spleen

Tonsils monitor ___ __and__ _____ tracts for inhaled and ingested materials

digestive; respiratory

What do all lymph organs consist of (4 things)

capsule, trabeculae, cortex, medulla

What tissue is the capsule made of?

dense irregular CT

_____ are extensions of capsule

trabeculae

Where is the spleen located

upper left side of abdomen

\-deep to diaphragm + ribs 8-10

What is the concave on the medial surface of an organ called?

hilem

where does the splenic artery branch from?

abdominal aorta

where does the splenic vein drain to?

the hepatic portal vein

What cells help filter blood in the spleen?

b-cells, t-cells, macrophages

The spleen removes old or defective ___ __and__ _____

blood cells; platelets

tonsils are masses of ____ __and__ ______

tissue; WBCs

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil

superior end of the throat

What tonsil is on the soft palate

palatine tonsil

Where is the lingual tonsil

base of tounge

Tonsils detect foreign substances ____ __or__ _______

inhaled ; ingested

What type of immune is nonspecific

innate

Which immune can recognize foreign invaders?

adaptive

Innate immunity has the _____ response for every pathogen/cell

same

Adaptive immunity develops overtime with ____ to specific pathogens

exposure

In adaptive immunity lymphocytes must _____ a pathogen to elicit a response

recognize

In innate immunity what eats or engulfs pathogens

phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages)

In innate immunity what cells destroy infected or damaged cells

natural killer cells

What cells does the adaptice immune system use

b and t cells

What are the 3 types of lines of defense

physical, chemical, and reflexes and processes

What tissue is the skin

keritanized stratified squamous

How does the skin protect?

regeneration and shedding, hair

What lines body cavities and lumens open the the external environment

epithelium

mucus traps ____

microbes

What can propel microbes out

cillia

What are the fluids that protect physical barriers (5)

lacrimal (tears), saliva, gastric juices, sweat/oil, vaginal secretions

What processes can forcefully expel foreign invaders (5)

coughing, sneezing, urinating, defecating, vomitting

Innate immunity initiates cellular responses to

\- destory forgein invaders

\-remove infected cells

\-set up for tissue repair

What is the process of ingesting a microbe or cellular debris by phagocytes

phagocytosis

What is released first in phagocytosis

neutrophils

Monocytes transform into ______ for phagocytosis

macrophages

What guards and protects in preparation for a microbe

resident macrophages

What 3 cells are involved in phagocytosis

neutrophils, macrophages (monocytes) and resident macrophages

What are the 5 steps to phagocytosis

chemotaxis →adhereance-→ ingestions--→ digestion-→ killing

What is the release of chemicals from a microbe called?

chemotaxis

What are the 2 innate mechanisms of defense

phagocytosis and cytolysis

Cytolysis is performed by _____

natural killer cells

What is the process of destroying infected or damaged cells called?

cytolysis

What is the first step of cytolysis

infected cells bind the NK cell

In cytolysis what does the NK cell release to puncture holes in the infected cell membrane

perforins

In cytolysis what flows into the host cell to burst it?

extracellular fluid

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation

pain, redness, swelling, immobility, heat

What is pain in inflammation caused by

chemicals from microbes of WBC or damage to neurons

Swelling (edema) is the accumulation of

ISF

heat increase ___ reactions which _____ growth of microbes

metabolic ; inhibits

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

1. vasodilation and increased permeability

2. emigration

3. tissue repair

What is vasodilation and increased permeability in response to inflammation due to?

release of chemicals from WBC or damaged blood cells

What is the movement of phagocytes to the affected area called?

emigration

During inflammation ____ emigrates first, then _____

neutrophils; monocytes

emigration is also the movement of cells from __ to ______

blood ; ISF

What is emigration dependent on ?

chemotaxis

What are types of tissue repair

blood clotting, scar formation, regeneration

What does tissue repair depend on?

age, blood supply, and nutrition

What does adaptive immunity target

antigens

What are recognizable foreign substances called?

antigens

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

cell mediated and antibody mediated

What are the Ags of cell-mediated immunity

any host cell displaying abnormality

What are the Ags of antibody mediated immunity

the virus, bacteria, or fungus itself

Where does the Ag of antibody mediated reside in

body fluids or humors

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity

anitgen presenting cells (macrogphages), helper t-cells, cytotoxic t cells

What destroys the antigen in cell-mediated immunity

cytotoxic t-cells

What destroys the antigen in antibody-mediated immunity

antibodies

What cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity

antigen presenting cells, b-cells(--→ plasmocytes), macrophages

What secretes antibodies

b-cells

What is the marker to help determine if a cell is normal or not

major histocompatability complexes (MHCs)

MHCs are

self antigens

MHCs are embedded in _____ of all cells expect RBCs

membranes