Studied by 65 people
What are the structures within lymphatic circulation
capillaries, vessels, trunks, ducts
What are the lymph organs and tissues
red bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
What is the function of lymph fluid
-drain excess interstitial fluid
-return fluid back to venous circulation
-maintain body fluid and blood volume
lymph organs and tissues function to contain masses of
lymphocytes and WBCs
Lymph organs can detect __ or __
foreign invaders ; abnormal cells
lymph organs can initiate _______
immune response
Where is IF absorbed in lymphatic cirulation
lymphatic capillaries
Lymph capillaries have a ___ _____permeability and ___ diameter
higher; wider
An increase in pressure within the capillaries closes what?
endothelial junctions
What does lymph travel through to enter nodes
affarent lymphatic vessels
How does lymph exit lymph nodes
efferent lymphatic vessels
What receives lymph from vessels within major areas of the body?
lymphatic trunks
What are the largest vessels recieving lymph?
lymphatic ducts
Lymphatic ducts return fluid to
venous circulation
What are the 2 lymphatic ducts
Right and Thoracic (left)
Where does the R. lymph duct drain lymph from?
right head, neck, thorax, and arm
Where does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?
-left head, neck, thorax, and arm,
-all of the abodmen and pelvis
-both lower limbs
Where do the lymph ducts drain lymph to
the brachiocephalic vein
What are the primary lymph organs and tissues
red bone marrow and thymus
What are the secondary lymph organs and tissues?
lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen
red bone marrow produces _______ cells
hemopoetic stem
the RBM differentiates cells into _______ stem cells
lymphoid
What are the 3 types of lymphocytes the RBM differentiates
B cells, natural killer cells, pre-t cells
What cells mature in the RBM
b cell and natural killer cells
Where do pre-T cells mature?
thymus
secondary lymph organs are sites where ______lymphocytes can be ___ to mount immune response
mature; activated
Pre- t cells can become ___ and _____ in the thymus
cytotoxic; helper
Which structure filters lymph?
lymph nodes
Which lymph structure filters blood
spleen
Tonsils monitor ___ and _____ tracts for inhaled and ingested materials
digestive; respiratory
What do all lymph organs consist of (4 things)
capsule, trabeculae, cortex, medulla
What tissue is the capsule made of?
dense irregular CT
_____ are extensions of capsule
trabeculae
Where is the spleen located
upper left side of abdomen
-deep to diaphragm + ribs 8-10
What is the concave on the medial surface of an organ called?
hilem
where does the splenic artery branch from?
abdominal aorta
where does the splenic vein drain to?
the hepatic portal vein
What cells help filter blood in the spleen?
b-cells, t-cells, macrophages
The spleen removes old or defective ___ and _____
blood cells; platelets
tonsils are masses of ____ and ______
tissue; WBCs
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil
superior end of the throat
What tonsil is on the soft palate
palatine tonsil
Where is the lingual tonsil
base of tounge
Tonsils detect foreign substances ____ or _______
inhaled ; ingested
What type of immune is nonspecific
innate
Which immune can recognize foreign invaders?
adaptive
Innate immunity has the _____ response for every pathogen/cell
same
Adaptive immunity develops overtime with ____ to specific pathogens
exposure
In adaptive immunity lymphocytes must _____ a pathogen to elicit a response
recognize
In innate immunity what eats or engulfs pathogens
phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages)
In innate immunity what cells destroy infected or damaged cells
natural killer cells
What cells does the adaptice immune system use
b and t cells
What are the 3 types of lines of defense
physical, chemical, and reflexes and processes
What tissue is the skin
keritanized stratified squamous
How does the skin protect?
regeneration and shedding, hair
What lines body cavities and lumens open the the external environment
epithelium
mucus traps ____
microbes
What can propel microbes out
cillia
What are the fluids that protect physical barriers (5)
lacrimal (tears), saliva, gastric juices, sweat/oil, vaginal secretions
What processes can forcefully expel foreign invaders (5)
coughing, sneezing, urinating, defecating, vomitting
Innate immunity initiates cellular responses to
- destory forgein invaders
-remove infected cells
-set up for tissue repair
What is the process of ingesting a microbe or cellular debris by phagocytes
phagocytosis
What is released first in phagocytosis
neutrophils
Monocytes transform into ______ for phagocytosis
macrophages
What guards and protects in preparation for a microbe
resident macrophages
What 3 cells are involved in phagocytosis
neutrophils, macrophages (monocytes) and resident macrophages
What are the 5 steps to phagocytosis
chemotaxis →adhereance-→ ingestions--→ digestion-→ killing
What is the release of chemicals from a microbe called?
chemotaxis
What are the 2 innate mechanisms of defense
phagocytosis and cytolysis
Cytolysis is performed by _____
natural killer cells
What is the process of destroying infected or damaged cells called?
cytolysis
What is the first step of cytolysis
infected cells bind the NK cell
In cytolysis what does the NK cell release to puncture holes in the infected cell membrane
perforins
In cytolysis what flows into the host cell to burst it?
extracellular fluid
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation
pain, redness, swelling, immobility, heat
What is pain in inflammation caused by
chemicals from microbes of WBC or damage to neurons
Swelling (edema) is the accumulation of
ISF
heat increase ___ reactions which _____ growth of microbes
metabolic ; inhibits
What are the 3 stages of inflammation?
vasodilation and increased permeability
emigration
tissue repair
What is vasodilation and increased permeability in response to inflammation due to?
release of chemicals from WBC or damaged blood cells
What is the movement of phagocytes to the affected area called?
emigration
During inflammation ____ emigrates first, then _____
neutrophils; monocytes
emigration is also the movement of cells from __ to ______
blood ; ISF
What is emigration dependent on ?
chemotaxis
What are types of tissue repair
blood clotting, scar formation, regeneration
What does tissue repair depend on?
age, blood supply, and nutrition
What does adaptive immunity target
antigens
What are recognizable foreign substances called?
antigens
What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
cell mediated and antibody mediated
What are the Ags of cell-mediated immunity
any host cell displaying abnormality
What are the Ags of antibody mediated immunity
the virus, bacteria, or fungus itself
Where does the Ag of antibody mediated reside in
body fluids or humors
What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity
anitgen presenting cells (macrogphages), helper t-cells, cytotoxic t cells
What destroys the antigen in cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic t-cells
What destroys the antigen in antibody-mediated immunity
antibodies
What cells are involved in antibody mediated immunity
antigen presenting cells, b-cells(--→ plasmocytes), macrophages
What secretes antibodies
b-cells
What is the marker to help determine if a cell is normal or not
major histocompatability complexes (MHCs)
MHCs are
self antigens
MHCs are embedded in _____ of all cells expect RBCs
membranes
