CMJR; Exam 3

boundaries

 borders within the family system that differentiate its various subsystems

communications therapy

a form of family therapy that typically works from a systems perspective; communications therapists seek to study and improve upon the manner in which family members communicate with each other

disengaged boundaries

boundaries within the family system that denote emotional detachment, independence, and obliviousness among members; such disengagement may be indicative of child neglect

double bind

a phenomenon in which family members convey to each other one thought verbally and just the opposite non-verbally

dyad

a family subsystem that consists of a pair of individuals (eg., married couple, parent-child)

enmeshed system

a family system in which unclear boundaries and excessive degrees of support, interdependence, warmth, affection (or quasi-affection), and control are exhibited; the enmeshed system discourages the independence of members of the subsystem and adversely affects their abilities to cope with difficulties outside of the subsystem

family structure

a term pertaining to the stable and enduring interactions that occur in family settings

family system

a familial unit in which members exhibit varying degrees of interdependence and whose realities are more than the sum total of member characteristics

family therapy

a therapeutic field in which family systems, rather than individuals, are targeted for treatment; family therapy operates under the assumption that individual modes of therapy are too narrow and inattentive to the impact of relationships, families, and their respective systems on family

homeostasis

a balanced, steady state of equilibrium within family systems

individuate

a component of healthy development in which people move away from the dependence of childhood to the interdependence of adulthood

metacommunication

a second level of communication involving voice tone, body language, and other factors that can convey as much information as the verbal content of a conversation

multisystemic treatment (MST)

a treatment program that emphasizes the importance of assessing and treating child and adolescent conduct disorders by addressing a broad spectrum of family problems; treatment of family systems from the MST approach must consider all factors that contribute to the child's behavioral problems, including the problems of specific individuals as well as the influence of extrafamilial systems

mystification

a process in which family members distort the experiences of other members by denial or relabeling

object relations

a set of cognitive and affective processes that mediate interpersonal functioning in close relationships

psychodynamic family therapy

a form of family therapy that incorporates a psychodynamic perspective

reframing

a process of relabeling the motivations of family members to portray them in more acceptable terms

to facilitate understanding and change in family dynamics.

rigid boundaries

boundaries in which family subsystems are extremely independent of each other

scapegoats

people who are blamed for the wrongdoings or faults of others

strategic family therapy

an offshoot of communications therapy in which clients are encouraged to employ problem-solving strategies to address problematic symptoms within the family rather than destructive, blaming, or rationalizing behaviors

structural family therapy

a form of family therapy that addresses problems within families by altering the patterns of subsystems and their boundaries

subsystems

self-contained systems within the larger family system (e.g., parents, children, and various dyads)

therapeutic paradox

a therapeutic technique in which clients are directed by the therapist to continue undesired symptomatic behavior, and even increase it, to indicate that they have voluntary control over such behavior

"working through" process

a psychodynamic process in which the therapist assists the client in identifying, exploring, and coping with problems

abstinence violation effect (AVE)

feelings of guilt, failure, and perceived loss of control that occur as a result of lapses during the substance use recovery process

aftercare

the last phase of the continuum of care; during this phase, clients are provided continuing care to prevent relapse and maintain changes made during the treatment phase

aversion therapies

classical conditioning therapies for substance use that work directly with a client's desire for an addictive drug, attempting to reverse such desires; aversion therapies pair aversive stimuli (e.g., drug-induced nausea, electric shock) with consumption of alcohol or other drugs, the goal of which is to cause clients to associate the addictive substance with the aversive stimulus

behavioral family therapies

a family therapy approach to substance use treatment that relies mostly on a social learning theoretical framework; behavioral family therapies alert the family to behaviors that may be reinforcing the substance-using client's excessive drinking or other drug use, encouraging members to work toward ceasing such behavior

communications therapy

a family therapy approach to substance use treatment that involves altering dysfunctional family communication patterns to help create more healthy family structures

community reinforcement approach (CRA)

a form of substance use treatment that utilizes a radical behavioral approach to provide alcohol users with incentives (reinforcements) to stop drinking; CRA targets alcohol addiction through the disruption of positive reinforcements for drinking and the development of positive reinforcements for sobriety

contingency contracts

behavioral contracts, given to substance-using clients by therapists, in which access to jobs, family, friends, recreation, and other community reinforcers are contingent upon the client's ongoing sobriety

covert sensitization

a form of classical conditioning in which the behavior therapist creates a fantasy for the client in which aversive elements are woven into a story involving the desired object/behavior

culturally competent

a characteristic of therapists and staff who appreciate diversity, adapt to differences, and seek culturally specific understanding of others when treating substance-using clients

disease model

a model of alcohol intervention that conceptualizes alcoholism as a disease; the disease model views alcoholics as physiologically distinct from non-alcoholics in that their biological makeup renders them incapable of drinking in moderation

drug courts

judicially supervised court dockets that provide a sentencing alternative of treatment combined with supervision for people living with serious substance use disorders; drug courts vary considerably across jurisdictions, with some diverting clients contingent upon their completion of therapy and/or refraining from future offending and others suspending sentences based on similar contingencies

educational model

a model of alcohol intervention that views alcoholism as caused by ignorance of the harms and effects of alcohol; the educational model utilizes education as a preventive approach to addiction

family systems models

family therapy approaches to substance use that seek to identify family routines, regulatory behaviors, rituals, or problem-solving strategies which have developed to deal with substance use within the family

harm-reduction approaches

a substance use treatment approach that advocates for methods such as controlled drinking, methadone maintenance, and needle-exchange programs rather than complete abstinence from addictive substances 

high risk situations

situations (or stimuli) that place clients at a higher risk of relapse than if they were not in the presence of such stimuli

identified patient

the identified substance-using client in family therapy approaches to substance use treatment

methadone maintenance

a form of outpatient treatment that involves giving patients daily doses of methadone, under supervision, as a substitute for opiates such as heroin, morphine, and Percodan

multisystemic family therapy

a form of family therapy that addresses substance use by targeting family systems and structures that sustain addiction as well as providing intensive "wraparound" services to such families

peer encounters

a highly confrontational procedure where much of the therapy consists of staff and peers challenging the behavior of an addict

psychodynamic family therapies

family therapy approaches to substance use in which the identified patient and other family members are assessed in terms of histories and "family of origin" issues to help family members understand how past relationships and problems may be replayed in the present

relapse prevention

the act of helping clients initiate and maintain change toward abstinence from substance use

relational model of self

a form of women's programming and therapy that recognizes that men and women form self-identity differently, with women doing so through attachments and connections with others, and men through separation and individuation

self-help groups

mutual support groups in which members share a common personal, medical, or social problem; self-help groups serve as an important adjunct to therapy, particularly in the case of clients with drug or alcohol addictions

sponsors

AA or NA members who have been in "recovery" for a significant period of time; through their own example, sponsors offer other members the opportunity to see that sobriety can have its rewards by modeling skills of relationship-building, responsibility, and support

stages of change

the five stages of client readiness to change substance-using behaviors, including precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance; each stage suggests different treatment programs, recommendations, and goals for substance-using clients

substance abuse

a condition, as opposed to substance dependence, in which the decision to use or not use is under one's control; the clinical need to have the substance of choice is much lower than for the substance-dependent individual

substance dependence

a condition that involves a compulsive urge to use alcohol or other drugs that is often accompanied by neurological damage to the brain; symptoms of substance dependence include intense cravings, withdrawal symptoms when levels of the substance decline in the blood, and uncontrolled binges with any use of the substance

temperance model

a  perspective, prominent through the late 1800s to the repeal of Prohibition in 1933, which views alcoholism as being caused by a harmful drug alcohol-rather than the drinker; this perspective prioritizes legislation that prohibits the use and distribution of alcohol rather than treatment of the user

theory of addiction

a theoretical perspective which asserts that for women, addiction must be seen holistically (as a function of factors such as genetic predisposition, poor health, shame, isolation, and abuse); this perspective views addiction as a disease rather than the result of a disorder

theory of trauma

a theoretical perspective which asserts that a history of abuse predisposes women to substance use

theory of women's psychosocial development

a theoretical perspective which asserts that women develop through relationships and mutuality; relationships factor into women's substance use and must be considered in their treatment and recovery

therapeutic communities

an in-patient residential program for targeting substance use using a social learning treatment strategy in correctional and mental health settings in which staff and clients are trained to act as appropriate role models and life outside the institution is replicated as much as possible

anhedonia

a lack of pleasure or the ability to experience it

child abuse pathway

one of three common pathways toward women's probation revocation in which women reported that abuse during childhood facilitated their subsequent revocation and incarceration

condemned isolation

An experience in which a woman feels isolated in her primary relationships because significant others in her life fail to validate and adequately respond to her attempts at connecting; women experiencing condemned isolation believe that they are at fault for problems within the relationship and, as a result, feel there is no possibility of improving the relational situation

gender responsive

a perspective in which a "gendered" lens is placed on correctional and criminal justice systems; gender-responsive correctional supervision and treatment plans consider the unique criminogenic pathways and needs of female and male populations

holistic addiction theory

a theoretical concept in which it is suggested that women's drug use, abstinence, and relapse seem to be more closely tied with intimate relationships compared to men's substance-related behaviors; this theory recognizes that: (1) addicted women differ from their male counterparts in several significant ways, and (2) women's substance-using behavior is a complex problem for which a multifaceted treatment model should be implemented, including a focus on simultaneously treating women's co-occurring addiction and mental illness needs, while incorporating a relational therapeutic perspective that recognizes the primary causal role of victimization and trauma

relational pathway

one of three common pathways toward women's probation revocation in which women's paths to revocation begin with problems surrounding a dysfunctional intimate relationship

relational theory

a theoretical concept in which it is suggested that the psychological development of women, unlike that of men, is manifested through the types of relationships they have, and their sense of self-worth is defined by interconnections with others; connection, rather than disconnection, is central to women's development

social and human capital pathway

one of three common pathways toward women's probation revocation in which it is suggested that women's paths to incarceration began with a lack of social support from families, dysfunctional intimate relationships, and low educational attainment; these three issues create reductions in self-efficacy, as well as difficulties in maintaining employment and financial independence, leading to supervision failure and incarceration

theory of trauma

a theoretical concept that emphasizes the prevalence of trauma in the histories of justice-involved women; this theory is a critical perspective in the understanding and treatment of women involved in the justice system, as it is useful in directing treatment providers toward appropriate and effective treatment modalities for coping with trauma as well as the treatment of substance use disorders

trauma-informed

a framework that emphasizes an understanding of the impact of interpersonal violence and victimization on women's development and lives; it is recommended by scholars and practitioners that treatment and supervision strategies with justice-involved women, as well as correctional policies and services, be trauma-informed

universal precautions

a policy recommendation in which service agencies treat all women as if they are trauma survivors due to the high prevalence of abuse and victimization in women's lives and the inability to distinguish who has or has not experienced trauma

amygdala

an almond-shaped mass of gray matter inside each cerebral hemisphere of the brain, involved with the experiencing of emotions (including fear, anxiety, and aggression), the processing of memory, and decision-making

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

a mental health disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others; unlike psychopathy, criteria for diagnosing APD typically focus more on antisocial and offending behavior

Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP)

a conceptual map of psychopathy that includes 33 symptoms of the disorder, defined by three adjectives (or adjectival phrases) within six functional domains (i.e., Attachment, Behavioral, Cognitive, Dominance, Emotional, and Self)

four-factor model a model of psychopathy

in which four dimensions (Interpersonal, Affective, Lifestyle, Antisocial) are used to identify the disorder, typically with the use of the PCL-R 2nd ed. assessment instrument

neuropsychological deficits

deficiencies in the brain and nervous system that interfere with one's cognition, emotional processing, and behaviors

psychopathy

a personality disorder characterized by persistent antisocial behavior, impaired empathy and remorse, and bold, disinhibited, and egotistical traits; unlike APD, criteria for diagnosing psychopathy typically focus more on personality deficits

Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, Second Edition (PCL-R 2nd ed.)

a popular, valid, and reliable assessment instrument that is used in the diagnosis of psychopathy

six-dimensional model

a model of psychopathy in which six dimensions (i.e., Attachment, Behavioral, Cognitive, Dominance, Emotional, and Self), outlined in the CAPP instrument, are used to identify the disorder

therapeutic alliance

the cooperative working relationship between therapists and clients; this relationship is often difficult to form when treating psychopathic clients, as many of them possess neurological deficits that manifest into challenging and manipulative personality characteristics and behaviors

attachment disorder

a disorder that arises from the unavailability of normal socializing care and attention from primary caregivers in early childhood; individuals with insecure attachments often exhibit poorly regulated behaviors, emotional problems, and cognitive distortions that support sex offending behaviors

behavioral strategies

various approaches to address deviant sexual arousal (e.g., aversive therapies, covert sensitization, aversive imagery, or operant conditioning) that involve unlearning existing deviant sexual behaviors, which themselves are viewed to be learned behaviors

civil commitment

a legal process through which people convicted of sex offenses are incapacitated through a repertoire of criminal justice sanctions, services, and policies, including sex offender registration and proximity restrictions, mandatory identification techniques including mandatory DNA testing, specialized probation and parole caseloads, mandatory post-conviction polygraph examination, electronic monitoring, longer periods of confinement, and multiagency community partnerships

client confidentiality

a standard principle in the therapeutic relationship in which counselors and therapists are not permitted to reveal information about their clients to a third party without the consent of the client or a clear legal reason

clinical interview

an important first step in the treatment process that involves the counselor or therapist asking the client questions to obtain pertinent information about them

cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

focuses on confronting and changing cognitive distortions and behavior

cognitive distortions

exaggerated or irrational thought patterns involved in the onset

and perpetuation of psychopathological states, especially those more influenced by psychosocial factors

containment

the action of keeping something harmful under control or within limits

dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

type of cognitive behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching regulation skills such as stress management, distress acceptance, and emotional control

dynamic risk/needs

risk factors and needs that are changeable throughout the life course and can be addressed by treatment programs

empathy training

teaching perspectives and experiences of others, including possible impacts of harmful behavior

eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)

a tool that is used to target trauma memories while also focusing on external stimuli

neurological deficits

abnormality of a body area, such as the brain, spinal cord, muscles, or nerves

polygraph

a tool used to detect physiological responses in the body, used as a

lie detector

relapse prevention

a model originally developed for substance abuse to aid in identifying high-risk situations and coping mechanisms to prevent relapse

risk assessments

a tool to evaluate risk for re-offense

role-playing

changing one's character or persona as a perspective-taking technique in psychotherapy

self-regulation and self-management

the ability to control emotions, thoughts, and behaviors

social learning theory learning

occurs through observing and imitating others, as well as through observing rewards and punishments

social skills training

teaching the implementation of appropriate and healthy interpersonal effectiveness skills

The Good Lives Model (GLM)

a strengths-based approach to offender rehabilitation that focuses on the client's abilities and goals for their lives therapeutic alliance the ongoing relationship built between the therapist and client