neuroanatomy (3)

neuraxis

anatomical directions are normally described relative to the __________

rostral/anterior

towards the head (2)

caudal/posterior

towards the tail in a 4-legged animal/feet in humans (2)

dorsal

towards the back

ventral

towards the belly

the top/bottom of the head

in humans, what can dorsal/ventral can also refer to?

the front/back of the head

in humans, what can anterior/posterior also refer to?

medial

towards midline

lateral

towards the side

ipsilateral

same side

contralateral

opposite side

coronal section

plane of view from the front

cross section

a coronal section can also be referred to as a __________

sagittal section

plane of view from the side

horizontal section

plane of view from the top

inflammation of the meninges

meningitis refers to __________

meninges

protective layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord

dura mater

outer layer of meninges

arachnoid

middle layer of meninges

pia mater

inner layer of meninges closest to the brain

hard mother

dura mater

spider web

arachnoid

delicate mother

pia mater

subarachnoid space

area between the arachnoid and the pia mater, filled with CSF

pia mater

the subarachnoid space is located between the arachnoid and the __________

25-50g

decreased weight of the brain due to buoyancy in CSF

500mL

how much CSF is produced daily?

ventricles

where is CSF produced? 

125mL

about how much CSF is actually kept in the ventricular system?

lateral, on each side of the brain

the first and second ventricles are __________ , located __________

middle, hypothalamus

the third ventricle is located in the __________ of the brain, near the __________

hindbrain, cerebellum, pons

the fourth ventricle is located in the __________, between the __________ and __________

third and fourth ventricles

the cerebral aqueduct runs between the __________

blood, filtered into CSF

__________ passes through the ventricular system and is __________ before it can enter the brain

choroid plexus

network of cells inside the ventricles that produces CSF

spinal canal

below the hindbrain, the cerebral aqueduct transitions into the __________

reabsorbed into veins and general blood circulation

as pressure increases, CSF is __________

waste by-products, NT metabolites

CSF carries __________ from the brain, such as __________

telencephalon, diencephalon

2 divisions of the forebrain

mesencephalon

the midbrain is also referred to as the __________

metencephalon, myelencephalon

2 divisions of the hindbrain

forebrain

most recent division of the brain

prefrontal cortex

most recent particular area of the brain

cerebral cortex, 2 hemispheres, 4 lobes

the telencephalon refers to the __________ , divided into __________ and __________

cingulate gyrus, limbic system, basal ganglia

3 subcortical structures of the telencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

3 parts of the diencephalon

2ft x 2ft

the size of the cerebral cortex if it wasn’t convoluted

fissure/sulcus

indentation/groove in the cerebral cortex (2)

gyrus

bump or protrusion in the cerebral cortex

gray matter

areas in the cerebral cortex made up of cell bodies of neurons

white matter

areas of the cerebral cortex made up of myelinated axons

clusters of somas

what are nuclei?

same

do individual human brains have the same or different grooves?

frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

4 lobes

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex

3 subdivisions of the frontal lobe

voluntary movement

the primary motor cortex controls __________

planning of movement

the premotor cortex controls __________

motor association cortex

the premotor cortex is also referred to as the __________

planning of actions, short term memory

the prefrontal cortex is involved in __________ and __________

language, emotion, olfaction

besides its 3 main subdivisions, the frontal cortex is also responsible for what 3 functions?

primary auditory cortex, auditory association cortex, visual association cortex

3 subdivisions of the temporal lobe

primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex

2 subdivisions of the parietal lobe

primary visual cortex

the occipital lobe contains the __________

serial, analyzes

the left hemisphere is __________ and __________ information

conscious thought, language, focus on details

3 functions of the left hemisphere

holistic, synthesizes

the right hemisphere is __________ and __________ information

overall structure, details

the right hemisphere focuses on __________ rather than __________

corpus callosum

connects the corresponding parts of the left and right hemispheres

limbic system

ring of structures surrounding the diencephalon

learning, memory, emotions

the limbic system is involved in __________ (3)

septum, septal rage syndrome

damage to the __________ in the limbic system can cause a dramatic increase in aggression in many animals, which is called __________

basal ganglia

group of subcortical nuclei in the forebrain involved in the control of movement

dorsal/ventral striatum

2 main divisions of the basal ganglia

nucleus accumbens

reward centre located below the basal ganglia

thalamus

projects sensory information to specific regions of the cerebral cortex and receives information from it

hypothalamus

involved in regulation/maintenance behaviours; controls the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems

reciprocal loop of sensory info between the thalamus and the cortex

theory of consciousness involving the thalamus

posterior

part of the pituitary gland that is continuous with the brain and formed of neural tissue

secretes oxytocin

function of the posterior pituitary gland

anterior

part of the pituitary gland that has a localized blood system, not directly connected to the brain

stress hormones, testes/ovaries, thyroid gland

3 areas of function of the anterior pituitary gland

tectum, tegmentum

2 parts of the mesencephalon

tectum

“roof”

superior/inferior colliculus

2 parts of the tectum

superior colliculus

older secondary visual system; related to movement in correspondence with visual information

tegmentum

“floor”

substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, red nucleus, periaqueductal gray, reticular formation

5 structures that make up the tegmentum

substantia nigra

“substance that is dark”; produces DA

red nucleus

part of the tegmentum involved in movement

substantia nigra, VTA

2 areas in which DA is produced

physical damage

the midbrain is well-protected from __________

periaqueductal gray matter

area of the tegmentum containing enkephalins and endorphins; involved in fight-or-flight behaviour

reticular formation

area of the tegmentum involved in arousal levels

cerebellum, pons

2 parts of the metencephalon

cerebellum

receives info from about every sense; coordinates movements and maintains balance; involved in muscle memory and timing of movement

“heads up” signal of impending movement

the cerebellum coordinates and smooths movement by producing a __________

pons

“bridge”

pons

large bulge in the brainstem that relays information from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

reticular formation

structure contained by the pons; involved in maintaining arousal levels

medulla oblongata

important structure of the myelencephalon