Chem 1150 Midterm 2 Study Guide

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How does the nuclear charge of an element change across the periodic table? (Z_Eff)

It increases as you go across the period (more protons) and decreases as you go down the group (more shells, bigger n to shield)

How does the number of Atomic Radii change across the periodic table? (Atomic size/radius)

Decreases as you go across the period (bigger Z_eff) and increases down the group because there is a greater number of shells (n)

How does Ionization Energy (IE) change across the periodic table?

Increases across the period because there is a bigger Z_eff and decreases down the group since the valence electro is lost in a higher shell.

How does Electron Affinity changes across the periodic table?

Elements become more negative across the period and less negative down the group due to larger n.

How does Electronegativity change across the periodic table? (EN)

Elements become more electronegative as you go across the period (greater Z_eff) and become less electronegative as you go down the group (Z_eff is smaller).

Ion Size

Cations < Neutral Element < Anions

Anions have a greater size because there are more electron-electron repulsions and Cations are smaller because there is larger Z_eff and because the valence electron is in the n-1 shell.

Ionization Energy

Successive ionization energies always increase (E1 < E2 < E3)

Relative Bond Lengths (Which bonds are bigger)

Singe bonds > Double bonds > Triple bonds

Relative bond strengths

Single bond (weakest) < double bond < triple bond (strongest)

Bond Dissociation Energy (which releases the most energy when broken)

Triple bonds > double bonds > single bonds

Electronic: Linear 
Molecular: Linear
Bond Angle: 180

Electronic: Trigonal Planar
Molecular: Trigonal Planar

Bond Angle: 120

Electronic: Trigonal Planar

Molecular: Bent

Bond Angle: <120

Electronic: Tetrahedral
Molecular: Tetrahedral

Bond Angle: 109.5

Electronic: Tetrahedral

Molecular: Trigonal Pyramidal
Bond Angle: <109.5

Electronic: Tetrahedral

Molecular: Bent
Bond Angle «109.5

Electronic: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Molecular: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Bond Angle: 120 (equatorial) & 90 (axial)

Electronic: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Molecular: Seesaw

Bond Angle: <120 (equatorial) & <90 (axial)

Electronic: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Molecular: T-Shaped

Bond Angle: <90

Electronic: Trigonal Bipyramidal

Molecular: Linear

Bond Angle: 180

Electronic: Octahedral

Molecular: Octahedral

Bond Angle: 90

Electronic: Octahedral

Molecular: Square Pyramidal

Bond Angle: <90

Electronic: Octahedral

Molecular: Square Planar

Bond Angle: 90