Bio Basic Chem

ty for helping chloe :) // new quizlet alternative

asexual reproduction

reproduction done with only one parent cell

sexual reproduction

reproduction done with two parent cells (sperm and egg)

autotroph

organism that makes its own nutrients from the sun

heterotroph

gets energy by consuming nutrients from the enviornment

natural selection

the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change

unicellular

one cell (ie. bacteria, yeast)

multicellular

more than one cell (ie. animals, plants)

atom

basic unit of a chemical element (ie. oxygen)

molecule

a group of atoms bonded together (ie. H₂O)

proton

located in the nucleus of an atom; positive charge

electron

circles around an atom; negative charge

covalent bond

atoms “sharing” outer electron with another atom

ions

a charged atom or molecule (charged because the # of electrons do not = the # protons)

hydrogen bond

the attraction between partially (+) H of one H₂O molecule and the (-) O of another molecule

cohesion

hydrogen bonding between water molecules

adhesion

when water attracts to other polar or charged particles

polar

electrons between molecules are shared unequally

nonpolar

electrons between molecules are shared equally

amphipathic

molecules that have both a nonpolar and polar region

independent variable

variable in an experiment that is changed (ie. using different types of fertilizer between plants)

dependent variable

variable in an experiment that is affected by the independent variable (ie. result of using different fertilizer between plants)

controlled variable

the variable that doesn’t change (ie. color of the plant pot)

where are each of the three subatomic particles located?

protons (+) and neutrons (o) are inside the nucleus; electrons (-) are swirling around it

explain how an ion is different than an atom

atom= has no electrical charge

ion = has electrical charge due to an unequal amount of protons and electrons (more protons means its positive, more electrons mean negative)

what happens when ions of the same charge get close to each other

repel each other

what happens when ions of opposite charges get close to each other?

they attract each other; form ionic bond

what is the HONC1234 rule

Hydrogen = 1 covalent bond

Oxygen = 2 covalent bonds

Nitrogen = 3 covalent bonds

Carbon = 4 covalent bonds

what’s the difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond

-polar covalent bonds have unequally shared electrons

-nonpolar covalent bonds have equally shared electrons

how is a hydrogen bond different from a covalent bond

hydrogen bonds form between two H₂O molecules

covalent bonds form within any molecule

describe how the properties of water (hydrogen bonding, cohesion, adhesion) result from the polar structure of a water molecule

-cohesion is when water molecules attract to other water molecule which makes hydrogen bonds (the hydrogens attach to oxygen atoms)

-adhesion is when water molecules attract to either polar or charged molecules

explain the difference between acids and bases based on their position on the pH scale

pH 0-7=acid

pH 7-14 =base

explain why buffers are important to a living organism, what characteristic of life do they directly influence the most?

they are important because they neutralize excess acids or bases to keep the pH of a solution stable

they maintain a stable pH in blood, extracellular fluids, etc.

capillary action

ability of water to move upwards in small tubes or narrow spaces (both cohesion and adhesion are responsible for this)