Biopsychology 151

Test 1

Mind-Body Problem

Dualism, Monism, Materialism, Idealism, Identity Position

Monoism

the idea that the universe consists of only one type of being

Dualism

the idea that minds are one type of substance and matter is another

Materialism

mental ideas and events are matter and only matter

Idealism

the perception of the world in the mind cannot be separated by the understanding of the outside world, ideas are connected to the outside world

Identity Position

states and processes of the mind are identical to states and processes of the brain

Broca

person knows what they want to say but is unable to produce the words or sentence

Wernicke

discovered that damage in part of the left temporal cortex characterized by poor language comprehension and impaired ability to remember the names of objects

Fritsch and Hitzig

electrical stimulation of the cerebral cortex of a dog produced movements

Sir Charles Sherrington

showed how muscular contractions are followed by relaxation

the spinal cord and brain process nerve impulses and turn them into new impulses to muscles and organs

Phineas Gage

famous man to suffer a rod lunging itself into his brain and through his eye, his personality changed afterwards. Gage's accident helped teach us that different parts of the brain play a role in different functions.

Otto Loewi

provided the first proof that chemicals were involved in the transmission of impulses from one nerve cell to another and from neuron to the responsive organ

karl lashley

pioneered experimental work conducted on rats with surgically induced brain lesions

Descartes

raised the question of consciousness (“I think, therefore I am”) and argued that you cannot deny the existence of your mind while using your mind to deny it

Hydraulic Theory

the nerves are filled with water that carry motor and sensory information to the ventricles of the brain much in the same way that hydraulic fluid travels through machines

Mind/Body Dualism - Pineal Gland

considered the body and the soul to be ontologically separate but interacting entities, each with its own particular attributes

Reflexes

The reflex arc of pain according to Descartes. The fire (a) is a stimulus afflicting the skin (b) and moving the fine thread (c), which goes to valves (d, e). The valves open the cavity (f), from which an animal spirit is released, which in turn makes the head turn and move the hand and the foot

Law of Bell and Magendie

the finding that the anterior spinal nerve roots contain only motor fibers and posterior roots only sensory fibers and that nerve impulses are conducted in only one direction in each case

types of bio psychologist

Physiological Psychology, Psychophysiology, Neuropsychology, Psychopharmacology, Cognitive Neuroscience, Comparative Psychology, ethology

Physiological Psychology

changes physiology of a person to see how the psyche if effected (what changed)

Psychophysiology

changes the psyche to see if the physiology is affected

Neuropsychology

clinical (in hospital) deals with injury to the brain and study how certain injuries affect behavior

Psychopharmacology

how drugs (psychotropic) affect the mind

Cognitive Neuroscience

study of how the brain effect thought and brain process

Comparative Psychology

study of how non-human animals, compares different species

Ethology

study of non-humans without the use of a lab

methods for studying the brain

Ablation/Lesioning, Computerized Axial Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Electroencephalogram, Positron Emission Topography, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetoencephalography (MEG), Autoradiography, Micro dialysis, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Direct Stimulation of the Brain

Ablation/Lesioning

damage to part of brain

Computerized Axial Tomography

brain scan, up the brain

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

brain scan inside the brain, uses magnet to move hydrogen molecules so we can capture picture

Electroencephalogram

measures electricity in brain using waves, better function, uses electrons connected to cap/head, more active the area or the brain, more activity there will be

Positron Emission Topography

allows brain movement to be tracked by following glucose, positron clings too

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

detects regional cerebral blood flow, blood on covering of brain, follows around brain

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

measures magnetic field in brain to see where activity lies

Autoradiography

traces neuron pathway, different pathways, and structure

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

apply a small magnetic field to brain, can turn parts of the brain off and on

Optogenetics

uses light to turn specific genes on and off in the brain

sociobiology

describe humans by evolutionary perspective

parts of a neuron

•Sensory/Motor Neurons; Afferent/efferent

•Unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar

•Cell Body (Soma)

•Dendrites/Dendritic Spines

•Axon

•Axon Hillock

•Myelin

•Nodes of Ranvier

•Synaptic Buttons/Terminals

Sensory Neurons

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

Motor Neurons

a specialized type of brain cell called neurons located within the spinal cord and the brain.

Afferent

into the brain

Efferent

out of the brain

Unipolar

only has one nerve process extending from the cell body: an axon that extends into dendrites

Bipolar

a type of neuron that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)

Multipolar

a type of neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites (and dendritic branches)

Pseudounipolar

a type of neuron which has one extension from its cell body

Cell Body (Soma)

where the neuron's DNA is housed, and where proteins are made to be transported throughout the axon and dendrites

Dendrites

receive input from many other neurons and carry those signals to the cell body.

a neuron fires an action potential — an electrical impulse that then stimulates other neurons

Dendric Spines

Spines serve as the major target for excitatory synaptic input onto principal neurons in the hippo- campus, the neocortex, and other brain regions

Axon

where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons

Axon Hillock

is the part of the neuron where nerve electrical activity is summated to determine the likelihood of firing an action potential

Myelin Sheath

is an insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord

allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells

Nodes of Ranvier

periodic gap in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

Synaptic Buttons

are small swellings that are found at the terminal ends of axons.

sites where synapses with other neurons are found

neurotransmitters are stored there to communicate with other neurons via these synapses

Terminals

facilitate intercellular communication by allowing synaptic vesicles to bind to their membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic rift after an action potential stimulates them

ion distribution at rest

\-70mV, caused by Na+, K+, Cl- and various proteins, polarized neuron

Sodium- Potassium Pumps

Sodium is outside the membrane while Potassium is inside

electrostatic gradient

the electrostatic force due to the charge separation across the membrane tends to move ions in a direction determined by its particular charge.

osmotic gradients

the difference in concentration between two solutions on either side of a semipermeable membrane

Action Potential

\+50mV, depolarized, Na+ In, K+ out, when the membrane potential of a specific cell location rapidly rises and falls

Voltage-Activated Ion Channels

integral membrane proteins that enable the passage of selected inorganic ions across cell membranes.

open and close in response to changes in transmembrane voltage, and play a key role in electrical signaling by excitable cells such as neurons

Neural Threshold

the level that a depolarization must reach for an action potential to occur. In most neurons the threshold is around -55mV to -65mV

All or Nothing Rule

signal transmission between neurons is not dependent on the strength of the stimuli but, rather, only that the initial threshold is met

Propagation

that the action potential doesn't move but rather causes a new action potential of the adjacent segment of the neuronal membrane

Refractory Period

the time after initiation of an action potential when it is impossible or more difficult to generate a second action potential

relative \n (hyperpolarization)

when the membrane potential becomes more negative at a particular spot on the neuron's membrane

absolute \n (repolarization)

depolarization is when the membrane potential becomes less negative (more positive)

Polarization

an electric field distorts the negative cloud of electrons around positive atomic nuclei in a direction opposite the field

depolarization

the gated sodium ion channels on the neuron's membrane suddenly open and allow sodium ions (Na+) present outside the membrane to rush into the cell. As the sodium ions quickly enter the cell, the internal charge of the nerve changes from -70 mV to -55 mV

parts of synapse

Presynaptic (axon) and Postsynaptic \n (dendrite) membranes

Synaptic vesicles \n Microtubules

Neurotransmitter release

Presynaptic (axon)

the place where the electrical signal (the action potential) is converted into a chemical signal (neurotransmitter release)

\
releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft between nerve cells

Postsynaptic (dendrite)

receives a signal (binds neurotransmitter) from the presynaptic cell and responds via depolarisation or hyperpolarisation

\n Synaptic vesicles

stores neurotransmitter molecules before releasing them into the synapse in response to electrical signaling within the cell

Microtubules

assembly of mitotic spindle, in dividing cells, or axon extension, in neurons

What happens at a Synapse?

neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

What are the ways to destroy a Neurotransmitter?

diffusion, degradation, and reuptake.

ESPS

synaptic inputs that depolarize the postsynaptic cell, bringing the membrane potential closer to threshold and closer to firing an action potential

ISPS

decrease action potential

Diffusion

the neurotransmitter drifts away, out of the synaptic cleft where it can no longer act on a receptor

degradation

breaks down the neurotransmitter molecule by enzyme activity

Reuptake

neurotransmitter molecules that have been released at a synapse are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron that released them

Gluamate

excitatory, learning and memory

GABA

inhibitory neurotransmitter for the central nervous system (CNS), reduce neuronal excitability by inhibiting nerve transmission.

Dopamine

allowing you to feel pleasure, satisfaction and motivation

epinephrine/norepinephrine

arousal, wakefulness, depression (theory of \n depression - (MAO inhibitors increase \n levels)

Serotonin

chemical that carries messages between nerve cells in the brain and throughout your body

Acetylcholine

muscle control, autonomic body functions, and in learning, memory, and attention

Endorphins

help relieve pain, reduce stress and improve mood

\n glial cells

astrocytes, microglial cells, oligodendrocytes

Astrocytes

regulation of blood flow, homeostasis of extracellular fluid, ions and transmitters, energy provision, and regulation of synapse function

oligodendrocytes

A cell that forms the myelin sheath (a layer that covers and protects nerve cells) in the brain and spinal cord

microglial cells

regulate brain development, maintenance of neuronal networks, and injury repair

2 Parts of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system

CNS

the body's processing centre

brain, spinal cord

PNS

are responsible for relaying information between the body and the brain

somatic/skeletal

Autonomatic

Sympathetic

“fight-or-flight” responses

this system prepares the body for strenuous physical activity.

Parasympathetic

regulates “rest and digest” functions

Occipital

back of the head

visual perception

Temporal

processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory