Feeding & Nutrition - ASCI 227 Companion Animal Science

first commercial dog food

1850

• dog biscuit

• observed street dogs eating ship hardtack

hx of dog food

• table scraps

• spratt’s biscuits contained wheat meal, vegetables, beetroot, and meat

• spratt targeted dog shows

• horsemeat became very cheap; first meat used in dog food

• dried type of horsemeat available in 1930, decreased horse population rapidly

1908

• milk bone introduced

• “whole nutrition” by adding vitamins

dry dog food

• invented as a result of WWII

• all metal was sent to war effort = no more cans

• after attack on pearl harbor, AKC and dogs for defense was mobilized — dry food was not enough to maintain them

• army veterinary service developed canned dog food that was higher in protein

extruded kibble

1956

• first produced by General Mill’s and Purina

• GM now owns Blue Buffalo

ralston purina

• made food for livestock

• then introduced purina dog chow in 1957

• sold to purina millls, US animal feed business to british petroleum

governing bodies for pet food

• FDA

• USDA

• AAFCO

• NRC

• PFI

  • doesn’t necessarily mean safe, but that it meets nutritional requirements

AAFCO

• no regulatory authority

• forum for voluntary membership

nutrition

• energy and nutrient composition of food items differ, but the chemical compounds and elements providing nutritional value are similar

biological molecules that provide nutritional value to food

• protein (in form of AAs)

• lipids (fatty acids)

• carbohydrates (sugars)

• vitamins

• minerals

• water

goal of digestion

• to reduce complex macromolecules into simple subunits

  • protein → AA

  • lipid → fatty acid

  • carbohydrate → sugar

  • vitamin

  • mineral

  • water

oral cavity

• mechanical digestion

• chemical: initiate carb, lipid digestion

stomach

• minor mechanical reduction

• chemical: initiate protein digestion

small intestine

• no mechanical reduction

• chemical: major site of carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin and mineral digestion and absorption

large intestine

• no mechanical reduction

• no chemical digestion = “nondigestible” items = feces

• primary function is water absorption and fermentation

rabbit digestion

• indigestible fibers - hard pellets

• digestible fibers - caecotrophs

monogastric diets

• feeding the animal

• require better quality, concentrated foods

monogastric with large hindgut

• can be fed lower quality food

pregnant/ lactating animals

• 70% of fetal weight gain is in last 3-4 weeks of gestation

• rule of thumb at lactation: 25% more than normal maintenance per puppy

information required to be displayed

• product + brand name

• intended use of products

• quantity statement

• pet nutrition

• ingredients

• handling + storage

95% rule

if one ingredient, must be 95% that ingredient

100% rule

cannot be used unless food is actually 100% that ingredient

1 named products

must be a minimum of 95% of that product

25% rule

• when any named ingredient constitutes at least 25% of the total weight of the product

• words like “dinner”, “entree”, “recipe”, etc. then other products are allowed to be mixed in

two ingredient label

• when a combination of ingredients are named, they only have to have at least 3% of each ingredient

meat and bone meal definition

rendered product from mammal tissues, including bone, exclusive of any added blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach and rumen contents except in such amounts as may occur unavoidably in good processing practices

guaranteed analysis

• crude protein (minimum)

• crude fat (minimum)

• crude fiber (maximum)

• moisture (maximum)

nutritional adequacy statement

can be determined by:

• feeding trial method (few and far between)

• formulation method

formulation method

• requires manufacturer to formulate the food to meet requirements

all life stages food

more nutrient dense, would transition off of all life stages food at senior age

meat by products

defined as: non-rendered, clean parts, other than meat, derived from slaughtered animals. it includes, but is not limited to: lungs, spleen, kidneys, brain