Anatomy Lab Practical 3

vertebra body

solid anterior portion of a vertebra

vertebra pedicle

a stub of bone that connects the lamina to the vertebral body to form the vertebral arch

vertebra lamina

posterior arch of vertebral bone lying between spinous process

vertebral arch

structure that encloses the nerve cord

transverse process

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

vertebral foramen

canal through which spinal cord passes

superior vertebral notch

indentation of the superior edge of pedicle

inferior vertebral notch

indentation of the inferior edge pedicle

superior costal facet

receive the head of the ribs on the superior side; only in thoracic vertebrae

inferior costal facet

receive the head of the ribs on the inferior side; only in thoracic vertebrae

superior articular process

inferior articular process

spinous process

sharp, slender projection

transverse foramen

only found in the cervical vertebrae and allow passage of the vertabral artery, vein, and nerve

bifid spinous process

on cervical vertebrae C3-C5. Forked.

external occipital protuberance

bump on back of head

vertebra prominens (C7)

Transitions to thoracic vertebrae

Has a long spinous process with a broad tubercle

Has large transverse processes

subscapular spine

acromion

Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder.

medial border of scapula

serratus anterior insertion

inferior angle of scapula

bottom point of scapula

spinous process of vertebrae

The portion of the vertebrae that sticks out posteriorly.

ribs

12 pairs

iliac crest

upper margin of iliac bones

posterior superior iliac spine

the sharp posterior end of the iliac crest

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae

trapezius muscle

Function: Extends head and neck, Insertion: Scapula, Origin: Skull and upper vertebrae

accessory nerve (XI)

swallowing, head, neck, and shoulder movements

dorsal scapular nerve

Innervates rhomboids and levator scapulae.

latissimus dorsi muscle

Function: Extends and helps adduct upper arm, Insertion: Humerus, Origin: Vertebrae and illium

levator scapulae muscle

elevates the medial margin of the scapula

rhomboid minor muscle

elevation and retraction of scapula

rhomboid major muscle

elevation and retraction of scapula

Triangle of Auscultation

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, medial border of scapula

lumbar triangle

latissimus dorsi, external oblique, iliac crest

serratus posterior superior muscle

muscle at the top of the back that elevates ribs 2-5

serratus posterior inferior muscle

posterior thoracic muscle that supports exhalation by pulling the rib cage down when contracted

suboccipital triangle

Rectus capitis posterior major, Obliquus capitis superior, Obliquus capitis inferior

splenius capitis muscle

Extend, rotate, and laterally flex the head

splenius cervicis muscle

extend and hyperextend head and neck

Semispinalis capitis muscle

extends and rotates head and vertebral column. Lies deep to splenius capitis muscle with vertical fibers

Semispinalis cervicis muscle

deep to the Semispinalis capitis muscle and superiorly attaches to the spinous process of the axis (C2)

Obliquus capitis inferior muscle

Obliquus capitis superior muscle

Rectus capitis posterior major muscle

Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle

greater occipital nerve

Nerve located in the back of the head and pierces the superior border of the trapezius muscle

vertebral artery

Supplies blood to the spinal column and brain. Located between rectus capitis posterior major and obliquus capitis inferior

suboccipital nerve

Innervation of suboccipital muscles. Located between rectus capitis posterior major and obliquus capitis inferior

erector spinae muscle

contains iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis muscle

iliocostalis muscle

Lateral muscle of the erector spinae group.

longissimus muscle

Middle muscle of the erector spinae group.

spinalis muscle

Smallest and most medial of erector spinae group

ligamentum flava

Elastic connective tissue connecting the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

dura mater

thick, outermost layer of the meninges surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord

dural sac

tubular sheath containing spinal cord formed by dura mater. Ends at S2

epidural space

space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

epidural fat

around the spinal cord (difficult to see on donor)

posterior internal vertebral venous plexus

spinal ganglia

contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

arachnoid mater

middle layer of the meninges

subarachnoid space

a space in the meninges beneath the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater that contains the cerebrospinal fluid

pia mater

thin, delicate inner membrane surrounding the spinal cord

cervical enlargement

supplies nerves to the shoulder and upper limbs

lumbar enlargement

nerves of pelvis and lower limbs

conus medullaris

tapered end of spinal cord located inferior to lumbar enlargement between L1 and L2

cauda equina

collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

denticulate ligaments

extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater

filum terminale

anchors spinal cord to coccyx located inside the cauda equina

posterior roots

fibers carry sensory information located posteriorly to denticulate ligaments

anterior roots

fibers carry motor information located anteriorly to the denticulate ligaments

spinal nerves

31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

anterior rami of spinal nerve

travel anteriorly to supply the muscles of the upper and lower limbs, the anterior thorax and abdomen, and part of the back

posterior rami of spinal nerve

the dorsal branch of a spinal nerve that forms from the dorsal root of the nerve after it emerges from the spinal cord

scapular spine

Divides posterior aspect of scapula into supraspinatus fossa (above) and infraspinatus fossa (below)

scapular notch

depression in superior border of scapula

acrominion process

the highest portion of the shoulder

coracoid process

process above the glenoid cavity that permits muscle attachment

supraglenoid tubercle

prominence superior to the glenoid cavity

glenoid fossa

The part of the scapula that joins with the humeral head to form the glenohumeral joint.

head of humerus

articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula

greater tubercle

Large lateral prominence; site of the attachment of rotator cuff muscles

lesser tubercle

insertion of subscapularis

Intertubercular/Bicipital Groove (Sulcus)

a narrow channel between the two tubercles

deltoid muscle

forms the muscular cap of the shoulder

teres minor muscle

adduction and lateral rotation of arm

teres major muscle

extension, adduction, and medial rotation of arm

triceps muscle

Contracts to cause extension (straightening) of the arm

infraspinatus muscle

adduction and lateral rotation of arm

supraspinatus muscle

abduction of arm

Subscapularis muscle

Medial rotation and adduction

suprascapular artery

supplies supraspinatus and infraspinatus. Located above teres minor and underneath spinatus muscles

superior transverse scapular ligament

bridges the scapular notch

suprascapular nerve

supraspinatus and infraspinatus

quadrangular and triangular space

quadrangular: axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery; triangular: circumflex scapular artery

axillary nerve

deltoid and teres minor

triceps hiatus

profunda brachii artery and radial nerve. Located inferior to quadrangular space

profunda brachii artery

Runs the posterior course of the humerus, is "Deep" between the triceps brachii

radial nerve

Sensory-motor nerve that, with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the arm and back of the hand.