Microbiology Exam 2 Review

Professor Monaco 60 questions Chapters 5, 6, 7, 11, 12

cellular parts of algae

nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, thick, rigid cell wall

cellular parts of protozoa

mitochondria, cilia, cell membrane, NO CELL WALL, lacks chloroplasts, flagella, and pseudopods

cellular parts of bacteria

pilus (pili), ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule, nucleotide, flagellum

cellular parts of fungi

thick rigid cell wall, thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, lacks locomotor organelles

cellular parts of a virus

capsid, capsomers, envelop, nucleic acid molecules, matrix protein enzymes, nucleocapsid

the nucleoid in the prokaryote is the

central region of the cell that contains its DNA

the ribosome in the prokaryote is responsible for

protein synthesis

the cell wall in a prokaryote

provides structure and protection from the outside environment. most bacteria have a rigid cell wall made from carbohydrates and proteins called peptidoglycans

the cell membrane in the prokaryote

separates the cell from the outside environment and aids in selective permeability

the capsule in a prokaryote has

layers of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall, this helps the bacterium attach to surfaces

the fimbriae in a prokaryote is

a thin, hair-like structure that helps with cellular attachment

the pili in a prokaryote are

rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer

the flagella in a prokaryote is

a thin, tail-like structure that assist in movement

the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell

stores the genetic information in chromatin form

the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell is where

ribosomal RNA is produced (found in the nucleus)

the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell is

a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell and encompassed the organelles within

the cytoskeleton or cell wall in a eukaryotic cell

provides structure, allows for cell movement and plays a role in cell division

the ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell are responsible

for protein synthesis

the mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell aids in

being the powerhouse of the cell and responsible for protein synthesis

the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell is the

region of the cell between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane

the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell is a

gel-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles

the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell is an

organelle dedicated to protein maturation and transportation

the vesicles and vacuoles in a eukaryotic cell is a

membrane-bound sac involved in transportation and storage

what is a saprobe

an organism (commonly a fungus) that feeds on non-living or decaying organic matter

what is a spore

a cell that certain fungi, plants, and bacteria produce

what does a spore do

it is involved with reproduction, and protection

what is a polymorphic organism

the existence of multiple forms of a trait in a species which helps to retain variety in organisms

what is a dimorphic organism

organisms (particularly fungi) that have the ability to switch between two morphologies during their lifecycle: yeast and hyphae

fungi that have a yeast-like phase and mole (filamentous) phase

characteristics of fungi

eukaryotic

consists of long thread-like structures known as HYPHAE

has a cell wall

has a nuclear membrane

multinucleated

heterothrophic

characteristics of bacteria

prokaryotic

no nucleus

lack of membrane bound organelles

unicellular

characteristics of algae

eukaryotic

double-membrane organelles

single nucleus

mitochondria

chloroplast

goes through mitosis (asexually)

has a nuclear envelope

has the ability for photosynthesis

characteristics of a virus

reproduce

non-living

acellular

needs a host

have a protein coat called a “capsid”

contains DNA or RNA

characteristics of protozoa

eukaryotic

move independently

unicellular

lack capability for photosynthesis

asexual production

no cell wall

single nucleus

a capsid in a virus is a

protein coat that encloses and protects their nucleic acid

a capsomer in a virus is a

identical protein subunit made from each capsid

a nucleocapsid in a virus is a

capsid together with the nucleic acid

an envelope in a virus

protects the nucleic acid when the virus is outside of the host cell and helps the virus bind to a cell surface and assist the penetration of the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell

envelops are not found in all

viruses

envelops are most present in

animal viruses

nucleic acid molecules are

DNA and/or RNA

matrix protein enzyme are not found in

all viruses

a spike in a virus

allows viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection

fungi was classified as plants because both have

eukaryotes (membrane-bound nuclei)

immobility

rigid cell walls

grow in soil

what is the first step in transcription of protein synthesis

DNA uncoils for transcription

what is the second step in transcription of protein synthesis

mRNA is produced in the nucleus

what is the third step in transcription of protein synthesis

mRNA moves to the ribosomes

what is the fourth step in transcription of protein synthesis

ribosomes moves along the mRNA

what is the fifth step in transcription of protein synthesis

tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes

what is the first step of translation (elongation) of protein synthesis

a polypeptide if produced meaning the transfer of amino acids to tRNA

viruses obligate intracellular parasites of

bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals

CANNOT PRODUCE OUTSIDE OF THEIR HOST CELL

viruses can multiply by

taking control of host cells genetic material and regulating the synthesis and assembly of a new virus

viruses lack

enzymes for most metabolic processes, and machinery for synthesizing proteins

viruses are the most

abundant microbes on earth

the structure of a virus is

compact and economical (acellular)

viruses do not independently

fulfill the characteristics of life

a nucleic acid of a viral genome is either

DNA or RNA

NEVER BOTH

what is replication

the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce 2 identical DNA molecules

what does replication mean

biological process of duplication or producing an exact copy

what is the replication of a virus

must undergo the process of replication to create new, infectious virions that are able to infect other cells of the body or their hosts.

what is the first step of virus replication

initiation of infection

what is the second step of virus replication

replication and expression of the genome

what is the third and final step of virus replication

release of mature virions from the infected cell

what does bacteria infect

skin, blood, lungs, and other parts of the body

what does helminths infect

skin, lungs, liver, and intestines

what does fungus infect

skin, infection usually beings in the lungs

what does protozoa infect

plants, animals, and some marine life

what does viruses infect

respiratory tract (mouth, nose, etc), surface of eyeball, surface of skin from an abrasion or injury

if a virus is lacking an envelope, what is it called

naked

what are the two shapes of viruses

helical and icosahedral

helical shape is a

rod shaped capsomers assemble into hallow discs, nucleic acid is inserted in center, elongation of the nucleocapsid from both ends and nucleic acid is coiled inside

icosahedral shape

during assembly the nucleic acid is packed into the center of the icosahedron, forming nucleocapsid

what is the first step in viral multiplication

absorption — binding of the virus to specific molecules of its host cell

what is the second step in viral multiplication

penetration — genomes enters the host cell

what is the third step in viral multiplication

uncoating — the viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid

what is the fourth step in viral multiplication

synthesis — viral components are produced

what is the fifth step in viral multiplication

assembly — new viral particles are constructed

what is the sixth step in viral multiplication

release — assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis) or cell lysis

if you wanted to grow a virus, what type of media would you use

grown in vivo (within a whole living organism, plant, or animal) or in vitro (outside a living organism in cells in an artificial environment, such as a test tube, cell culture flask, or agar plate)

what is a prion

misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid

prions are extremely

resistant to usual sterilization techniques

prions causes

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (fatal neurodegenerative diseases

prions are common in

animals

an aquagenic virus is a

rare condition in which urticaria (hives) develop rapidly after the skin comes in contact with water, regardless of its temperature

what is a latent virus

ability of a pathogenic virus to lay dormant in a cell

ex. chicken pox

what is a viroid

short pieces of RNA, no protein coast, only identified as plants

what is a contaminant

non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mold, fungi, virus, prions, protozoa or their toxins and by products

what is a kindan obligate intracellular parasite

parasites that cannot reproduce outside their host cell, so they can require host cells to reproduce and complete their life cycles.

ex. chlamydia, rickettsia, viruses

how do you control microorganisms

heat

ex. boiling, steaming, pasteurize, dry heat, incinerate

what chemical agents achieves sterility

steam under pressure, dry heat, ethylene oxide (ETO) gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, and liquid chemicals

what is sanitation

cleansing techniques that removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate objects

what is sterilization

process used to destroy all viable microbes

what is disinfection

use of a physical process or a chemical agent (disinfectant) to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores

what is antisepsis

application of chemical agents (antiseptics) directly to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores

how do you kill spores

with heat

what is filtration

physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter

what is a moist heat autoclave

a procedure in which heated, high pressure steam is used to sterilize an object by operating at a high temperature & pressure in order to kill microorganisms & spores

what is dry heat autoclave

when high temperatures are used to kill microorganisms, accomplishes the destruction by oxidizing molecules

what is pasteurization

the partial sterilization of product, such as milk or wine, to make it safe for consumption and improve its keep quality

what is boiling

water at 100 degrees celsius

what did domagk do

discovered the first antibiotic from finding out that sulfonamides could counteract bacteria that cause food poisoning