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Professor Monaco 60 questions Chapters 5, 6, 7, 11, 12
cellular parts of algae
nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria, thick, rigid cell wall
cellular parts of protozoa
mitochondria, cilia, cell membrane, NO CELL WALL, lacks chloroplasts, flagella, and pseudopods
cellular parts of bacteria
pilus (pili), ribosomes, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall, capsule, nucleotide, flagellum
cellular parts of fungi
thick rigid cell wall, thick inner layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose, lacks locomotor organelles
cellular parts of a virus
capsid, capsomers, envelop, nucleic acid molecules, matrix protein enzymes, nucleocapsid
the nucleoid in the prokaryote is the
central region of the cell that contains its DNA
the ribosome in the prokaryote is responsible for
protein synthesis
the cell wall in a prokaryote
provides structure and protection from the outside environment. most bacteria have a rigid cell wall made from carbohydrates and proteins called peptidoglycans
the cell membrane in the prokaryote
separates the cell from the outside environment and aids in selective permeability
the capsule in a prokaryote has
layers of carbohydrates that surrounds the cell wall, this helps the bacterium attach to surfaces
the fimbriae in a prokaryote is
a thin, hair-like structure that helps with cellular attachment
the pili in a prokaryote are
rod-shaped structures involved in multiple roles, including attachment and DNA transfer
the flagella in a prokaryote is
a thin, tail-like structure that assist in movement
the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell
stores the genetic information in chromatin form
the nucleolus in a eukaryotic cell is where
ribosomal RNA is produced (found in the nucleus)
the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell is
a phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the entire cell and encompassed the organelles within
the cytoskeleton or cell wall in a eukaryotic cell
provides structure, allows for cell movement and plays a role in cell division
the ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell are responsible
for protein synthesis
the mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell aids in
being the powerhouse of the cell and responsible for protein synthesis
the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell is the
region of the cell between the nuclear envelope and plasma membrane
the cytosol in a eukaryotic cell is a
gel-like substance within the cell that contains the organelles
the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell is an
organelle dedicated to protein maturation and transportation
the vesicles and vacuoles in a eukaryotic cell is a
membrane-bound sac involved in transportation and storage
what is a saprobe
an organism (commonly a fungus) that feeds on non-living or decaying organic matter
what is a spore
a cell that certain fungi, plants, and bacteria produce
what does a spore do
it is involved with reproduction, and protection
what is a polymorphic organism
the existence of multiple forms of a trait in a species which helps to retain variety in organisms
what is a dimorphic organism
organisms (particularly fungi) that have the ability to switch between two morphologies during their lifecycle: yeast and hyphae
fungi that have a yeast-like phase and mole (filamentous) phase
characteristics of fungi
eukaryotic
consists of long thread-like structures known as HYPHAE
has a cell wall
has a nuclear membrane
multinucleated
heterothrophic
characteristics of bacteria
prokaryotic
no nucleus
lack of membrane bound organelles
unicellular
characteristics of algae
eukaryotic
double-membrane organelles
single nucleus
mitochondria
chloroplast
goes through mitosis (asexually)
has a nuclear envelope
has the ability for photosynthesis
characteristics of a virus
reproduce
non-living
acellular
needs a host
have a protein coat called a “capsid”
contains DNA or RNA
characteristics of protozoa
eukaryotic
move independently
unicellular
lack capability for photosynthesis
asexual production
no cell wall
single nucleus
a capsid in a virus is a
protein coat that encloses and protects their nucleic acid
a capsomer in a virus is a
identical protein subunit made from each capsid
a nucleocapsid in a virus is a
capsid together with the nucleic acid
an envelope in a virus
protects the nucleic acid when the virus is outside of the host cell and helps the virus bind to a cell surface and assist the penetration of the viral DNA or RNA into a suitable host cell
envelops are not found in all
viruses
envelops are most present in
animal viruses
nucleic acid molecules are
DNA and/or RNA
matrix protein enzyme are not found in
all viruses
a spike in a virus
allows viruses to penetrate host cells and cause infection
fungi was classified as plants because both have
eukaryotes (membrane-bound nuclei)
immobility
rigid cell walls
grow in soil
what is the first step in transcription of protein synthesis
DNA uncoils for transcription
what is the second step in transcription of protein synthesis
mRNA is produced in the nucleus
what is the third step in transcription of protein synthesis
mRNA moves to the ribosomes
what is the fourth step in transcription of protein synthesis
ribosomes moves along the mRNA
what is the fifth step in transcription of protein synthesis
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosomes
what is the first step of translation (elongation) of protein synthesis
a polypeptide if produced meaning the transfer of amino acids to tRNA
viruses obligate intracellular parasites of
bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals
CANNOT PRODUCE OUTSIDE OF THEIR HOST CELL
viruses can multiply by
taking control of host cells genetic material and regulating the synthesis and assembly of a new virus
viruses lack
enzymes for most metabolic processes, and machinery for synthesizing proteins
viruses are the most
abundant microbes on earth
the structure of a virus is
compact and economical (acellular)
viruses do not independently
fulfill the characteristics of life
a nucleic acid of a viral genome is either
DNA or RNA
NEVER BOTH
what is replication
the process by which a double-stranded DNA molecule is copied to produce 2 identical DNA molecules
what does replication mean
biological process of duplication or producing an exact copy
what is the replication of a virus
must undergo the process of replication to create new, infectious virions that are able to infect other cells of the body or their hosts.
what is the first step of virus replication
initiation of infection
what is the second step of virus replication
replication and expression of the genome
what is the third and final step of virus replication
release of mature virions from the infected cell
what does bacteria infect
skin, blood, lungs, and other parts of the body
what does helminths infect
skin, lungs, liver, and intestines
what does fungus infect
skin, infection usually beings in the lungs
what does protozoa infect
plants, animals, and some marine life
what does viruses infect
respiratory tract (mouth, nose, etc), surface of eyeball, surface of skin from an abrasion or injury
if a virus is lacking an envelope, what is it called
naked
what are the two shapes of viruses
helical and icosahedral
helical shape is a
rod shaped capsomers assemble into hallow discs, nucleic acid is inserted in center, elongation of the nucleocapsid from both ends and nucleic acid is coiled inside
icosahedral shape
during assembly the nucleic acid is packed into the center of the icosahedron, forming nucleocapsid
what is the first step in viral multiplication
absorption — binding of the virus to specific molecules of its host cell
what is the second step in viral multiplication
penetration — genomes enters the host cell
what is the third step in viral multiplication
uncoating — the viral nucleic acid is released from the capsid
what is the fourth step in viral multiplication
synthesis — viral components are produced
what is the fifth step in viral multiplication
assembly — new viral particles are constructed
what is the sixth step in viral multiplication
release — assembled viruses are released by budding (exocytosis) or cell lysis
if you wanted to grow a virus, what type of media would you use
grown in vivo (within a whole living organism, plant, or animal) or in vitro (outside a living organism in cells in an artificial environment, such as a test tube, cell culture flask, or agar plate)
what is a prion
misfolded proteins that contain no nucleic acid
prions are extremely
resistant to usual sterilization techniques
prions causes
transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (fatal neurodegenerative diseases
prions are common in
animals
an aquagenic virus is a
rare condition in which urticaria (hives) develop rapidly after the skin comes in contact with water, regardless of its temperature
what is a latent virus
ability of a pathogenic virus to lay dormant in a cell
ex. chicken pox
what is a viroid
short pieces of RNA, no protein coast, only identified as plants
what is a contaminant
non-intended or accidental introduction of infectious material like bacteria, yeast, mold, fungi, virus, prions, protozoa or their toxins and by products
what is a kindan obligate intracellular parasite
parasites that cannot reproduce outside their host cell, so they can require host cells to reproduce and complete their life cycles.
ex. chlamydia, rickettsia, viruses
how do you control microorganisms
heat
ex. boiling, steaming, pasteurize, dry heat, incinerate
what chemical agents achieves sterility
steam under pressure, dry heat, ethylene oxide (ETO) gas, hydrogen peroxide gas plasma, vaporized hydrogen peroxide, and liquid chemicals
what is sanitation
cleansing techniques that removes microorganisms and debris from inanimate objects
what is sterilization
process used to destroy all viable microbes
what is disinfection
use of a physical process or a chemical agent (disinfectant) to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores
what is antisepsis
application of chemical agents (antiseptics) directly to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores
how do you kill spores
with heat
what is filtration
physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through filter
what is a moist heat autoclave
a procedure in which heated, high pressure steam is used to sterilize an object by operating at a high temperature & pressure in order to kill microorganisms & spores
what is dry heat autoclave
when high temperatures are used to kill microorganisms, accomplishes the destruction by oxidizing molecules
what is pasteurization
the partial sterilization of product, such as milk or wine, to make it safe for consumption and improve its keep quality
what is boiling
water at 100 degrees celsius
what did domagk do
discovered the first antibiotic from finding out that sulfonamides could counteract bacteria that cause food poisoning
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