Lecture 6

Theory of incorporation

How do states get incorporated into the world economy?

• Globalization in the context of imperialism → different types of imperialism

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• Process:   * External to the economy: outside of the economic system, no division of labour     * Trade: surplus, luxury goods → not things people build the economy around

      \   * Incorporation: must start responding to market

    \   * Peripheralization process: is not a stable status, constantly evolving     * Process of normal economic capitalist development     * Building of a globalized world

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• Many states start as peripheral states → source of cheap resources

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Why is the international division of labour central?

• Plantation farming: cash crops
• Export monopoly

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What has to change?

Trade patterns

• New patterns of exports and imports   * Start producing raw resources → cash crop for export → these zones see repeated famines   * Manufacturing enterprises: must be destroyed or weakened!   * Creates competition vs. core states! So, core states start putting restrictions

Economic concentration

• Concentrating economic decision making   * By concentrating economic resources in the hand of a few people so they can respond to the markets rapidly   * Core states arrive and buy land → due to control of the world economy

Coercion of labour

• Increasing coercion of labour   * Productivity: increase labour + length of the working day   * Legal rights: property, ownership…   * Can be violent or financial (rent + landlords)

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Prelude to globalization in India

What’s happening before the world economy?

• 1450: part of a smaller world system   * Centred on India and the Arab world (Egypt + Ottoman)   * Is an external zone

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How does contact with the Europeans go?

• Vasco de Gama: arrives in India and buys an enormous quantity of spices → massive profits   * Portuguese send many ships with a letter for the Indian king: piracy + capture goods   * Set up a fortresses → system of trading ports     * Situated at non-attackable points (hard to reach)   * Control spice trade between the Arab world and India

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• 1526: Northern India → becomes a big empire, built through military conquest   * Leads to renaissance in India: flourishing of Indian culture, literature, and art!   * Soldiers run the empire → get in the way of trade → very expensive to buy goods + expensive tolls     * Small-scale internal trade   * Problem: expensive to run an empire of conquest (army) → have strong neighbours   * Nobles: assigned to different regions, no connection to the area, want to bring as much money as possible to the government   * Extra tax for Muslims and Hindu traders

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What makes India easier than expected to incorporate into the world economy?

• 1650: Europeans traders start requiring passports for Indian traders for them to trade

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• Multicultural world!

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• 1720: peasants rebellion

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• 1750: Europe operates at a constant deficit → more money going into India than going out   * Problem: Indians are very good at manufacturing (ex: textile)

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• Economic decline - recession in Europe

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• Want to start using gold in India

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• 1757: England captures Bangladesh   * Shift in export-import model!   * British invest in trade ports all over India and start conquering it (through alliance)

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Globalization in India

How do the Europeans overcome the trade imbalance?

• British:   * Steal gold and silver   * Implement a system of mortgages     * Pay debt with goods that they produce

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What do the British do to Indian manufacturing?

• England starts to destroy their competition in India (manufacturing) by:   * Implementing harsh taxes on Indian goods   * Sell textiles at cheap price: undercut producers in India, English become only ones to sell those goods

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What changes do they make to production, labour coercion, and trade patterns?

• 1800s: Indian exports are now raw resources (indigo, silk…), unlike before!   * English build plantations

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• Starvation → millions of deaths

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• Coercion of labour: Europeans change the land-holding system   * Land can now be sold (landlords + rents)   * Full ownership of property with the right to sell it

    \   * If you don’t make your rent: Europeans take your land, and you need to find a job (you become a worker)

    \   * Europeans advance money + impose strict disciplinary measures

    \   * Only people still working on the land are those who can make profits     * Farmers are not producing food, so it’s difficult to sustain themselves     * Cash crops: only system that works and allows you to pay rent and keep your land

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