SBI3U Biology - Unit 3

Taxonomy

The practice of classifying organisms into a hierarchy of groups

Binomial Nomenclature

A two-worded system used to identify organisms by scientific name. The rules are as follows: italicized or underlined, genus comes first with a capitalized first letter, species comes second with no capitalized first letter

Carolus Linneaus

A scientist who designed the Binomial Nomenclature system

Hierarchical System

An organizational structure where entities are arranged in a ranked order. Order is as follows: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Domain

The broadest category in the Hierarchical System. The three are: bacteria, archaea, eukarya.

Kingdom

The second broadest category in the Hierarchical System. The six are: Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Phylum

The third broadest category in the Hierarchical System

Class

The fourth broadest category in the Hierarchical System

Order

The fifth broadest category in the Hierarchical System

Family

The sixth broadest category in the Hierarchical System

Genus

The seventh broadest category in the Hierarchical System. In binomial nomenclature, it comes first, with a capitalized first letter

Species

The eighth broadest category in the Hierarchical System. In binomial nomenclature, it comes second, with no capitalized first letter

Dichotomous Key

One of the main methods used for classifying items, involving an organized set of couplets of mutually exclusive characteristics.

Charles Darwin

A scientist who wrote the book titled “Natural Selection.”

Natural Selection

A theory which states that when characteristics differ extensively within one species, one of these groups may diverge to form a new species.

List: Theory on Relatedness between Organisms

1) Evidence from Anatomy
2) Evidence from Development
3) Evidence from DNA

Homologous Structures

Structures in different species that come from the same evolutionary origin - Same structure, different function.

Phylogeny (Phylogenetic Tree)

A diagram that represents evolutionary relationships among organisms. The roots represent the oldest members, and the forks indicate point where one species have split into two new species.

Cladistics (Cladogram)

A branching diagram showing the relationship between a number of species based on specific traits.

Synapomorphies

A shared derived set of characteristics that are inherited from a common ancestor and are present in all of its descendants.

Prokaryotes

A single-celled organism which lacks a nucleus, lacks membrane bound organelles, and is usually smaller in size.

Eukaryotes

A multi-celled organism which contains a nucleus, contains membrane bound organelles and is usually larger in size.

Viruses

An infective agent that is considered non living. They can either be classified by shapes (polyhedral or spherical), or the type of disease and the organism they affect.

Spherical Virus

A shape of virus which uses its glycoproteins to enter a cell and release its infected nucleic acids.

Bacteriophage

A shape of virus which injects its infected nucleic acids into a cell.

Lytic Cycle

One of the two main ways a virus reproduces, where the infected DNA immediately disrupts the host cell’s activity to make more copies of the virus.

Lysogenic Cycle

One of the two main ways a virus reproduces, where the infected DNA integrates itself into the host cell’s DNA, allowing it to make copies of itself before entering the lytic cycle. It is said to have a dormancy stage.

Reasons why viruses are non-living

Viruses are non-living because:
1) They cannot self-replicate
2) They crystallize
3) They lack cell structure

Kingdom Archaea

One of the six kingdoms, consisting of prokaryotes which exist in extreme conditions. They are important for biotechnology.

Halophiles

Archaea which exist in extreme salty conditions.

Thermoacidphiles

Archaea which exists in extreme heat and acidic conditions

Methanogens

Archaea which exists in extreme methane gas conditions.

Kingdom Bacteria

One of the six kingdoms, consisting of prokaryotes that range in size. Classified between shape, ability to bind a dye, energy source and oxygen needs. They have an ideal set of living conditions, consisting of pH, temperature, salinity and humidity.

Viroids

A type of virus consisting of small infectious pieces of RNA that are plant pathogens only.

Prions

A type of virus consisting of protein infectious particles that cause rare diseases to mammals only.

Epidemic

A disease outbreak that is concentrated in one particular region.

Pandemic

A disease outbreak that occurs over a wide geographic area.

Binary Fission

One of the primary means of asexual reproduction in bacteria

Conjugation

One of the forms of sexual reproduction in bacteria, where two bacteria form a pilus to exchange plasmids.

Plasmid

A small DNA molecule that contains information on how to fight an antibiotic in bacteria.

Pilus

A hair-like feature found on bacteria that form on other bacteria to exchange plasmids during conjugation

Transduction

One of the forms of sexual reproduction in bacteria, where a bacteriophage injects their genetic information into the bacteria.

Transformation

One of the forms of sexual reproduction in bacteria, where a bacteria collects the plasmids from another bacteria that broke open.

Bacterial Growth Cycle

The pattern of which bacteria grows over time. The four phases are: lag, growth, stationary, death.

Lag Phase

The first stage of the bacterial growth cycle, where the bacteria attempts to find living conditions and has not grown yet.

Growth Phase

The second stage of the bacterial growth cycle, where the number of bacteria begins to grow exponentially, which doubles about every 15-30 minutes.

Stationary Phase

The third stage of the bacterial growth cycle, where the bacterial count is at its maximum and cannot grow anymore.

Death Phase

The four stage of the bacterial growth cycle, where the bacteria begins to die due to too much waste.

Gram+ Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thick mesh-like cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, making up 50-90% of the cell envelope. When dyed, they are stained purple.

Gram- Bacteria

Bacteria that have a thin mesh-like cell wall made up of peptidoglycan, making up 10% of the cell envelope. When dyed, they are stained pink.

Peptidoglycan

A substance that forms the cell wall of bacteria.

Bacillus

A type of bacteria in the shape of a rod.

Coccus

A type of bacteria in the shape of a circle.

Spirillum

A type of bacteria in the shape of a spiral.

Kingdom Protista

One of the six kingdoms, consisting of eukaryotes that are classified together because they do not fit into the other kingdoms. They are divided into three major groups depending on nutrition: Protozoa, Algae, Slime and Water moulds

Protozoa

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Protista. They are heterotrophs that are animal-like. They are classified into four phyla based on means of transportation: Sarcodina, Flagellates, Sporozoans, Ciliates

Algae

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Protista. They are plant-like autotrophs and contain chlorophyll. They are classified into six phyla based on types of pigments they contain: Dinoflagellates, Rhodophytes, Phaephytes, Diatoms, Chlorophytes, Euglenoids

Slime and Water Moulds

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Protista. They are heterotrophs that are fungi-like. They are classified into three different phyla: Oomycota, Myxomycotes, Acrasiomycotes

Sarcodina

A phylum in the protozoan group in the Kingdom Protista. Their transportation is based on pseudopods. Amoeba is an example.

Flagellates

A phylum in the protozoan group in the Kingdom Protista. Their transportation is based on flagella. Trypanosoma is an example

Sporozoans

A phylum in the protozoan group in the Kingdom Protista. Their transportation is based on being non-motile. Plasmodium is an example.

Ciliates

A phylum in the protozoan group in the Kingdom Protista. Their transportation is based on cilia. Paramecium is an example.

Dinoflagellates

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are unicellular, and lack a B pigment.

Rhodophytes (Red Algae)

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are multicellular, and lack a B, C pigment.

Phaephytes (Brown Algae)

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are multicellular, and lack a B pigment.

Diatoms

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are unicellular, and lack a B pigment. Their cell walls are made of silicon.

Chlorophytes (Green Algae)

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are multicellular, and lack a C, Y/B pigment.

Euglenoids

A phylum in the algae group in the Kingdom Protista. They are multicellular, and lack a C, Y/B pigment. They have a red “eye spot” used to detect light.

Oomycota

A phylum in the slime and water mould group in the Kingdom Protista. They mostly feed on dead organic matter.

Myxomycotes

A phylum in the slime and water mould group in the Kingdom Protista. They exist as plasmodial slime mould, they look like a tiny slug feeding on decaying plant material.

Acrasiomycotes

A phylum in the slime and water mould group in the Kingdom Protista. They exist as individual amoeboid cells, they contain only one nucleus each, and they feed on tiny bacteria & yeast.

Mycoplasma

A genus of bacteria that lacks a cell wall. They often link bacteria and viruses together due to their similar qualities.

Kingdom Fungi

One of the six kingdoms, consisting of multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic organisms that are made up of bodies of hyphae. They can either be saprophytic, parasitic or symbiotic. They are divided into four major groups: Zygomycotes, Basidiomycotes, Ascomycotes and Deuteromycotes.

Hyphae

A network of fine filaments that make up the body of a fungus.

Septa

A cross-wall that divides different regions of hyphae

Sacrophytic

One of the three main roles that fungi play, meaning that they break down dead organic material.

Parasitic

One of the three main roles that fungi play, meaning that they feed off living cells.

Symbiotic

One of the three main roles that fungi play, meaning that they live in symbiotic relationships, meaning that both species benefit.

Fragmentation

One of the simplest forms of asexual reproduction in fungi, where pieces of hyphae break off & begin to grow into new mycelia.

Mycelium

Networks of hyphae

Spores

Tiny reproductive units produced by fungi that break off of the fungi & grow into a new organism

Zygomycotes

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Fungi. They contain horizontal hyphae (stolons) and downward hyphae (rhizoids).

Sporangium are released from the top of sporangiophores.

Bread mould is an example.

Stolons

Horizontal Hyphae

Rhizoid

Downward Hyphae

Sporangiophores

Stalks of fungi that hold sporangium, found in zygomycotes.

Sporangium

A specialized structure in fungi in which spores are produced and stored, found at the top of sporangiophores.

Basidiomycotes

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Fungi. They contain club shaped hyphae (basidia).

They have spores called basidiaspores.

Mushrooms are an example.

Basidia

Club-shaped hyphae, the outer shell of a mushroom

Basidiaspores

The spores of basidiamycotes

Ascomycotes

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Fungi. They have small sacs called asci.

Many are saprophytic, but some can be parasitic

Single celled yeasts are an example.

Deuteromycotes

One of the major groups in the Kingdom Fungi. They only reproduce asexually.

They develop mycelia from anidia.

Penicillum is an example.

Asci

Small sacs that develop during sexual reproduction in ascomycotes.

Anidia

Spores that develop mycelia in deuteromycotes.

Volva

Sac-like structure at the base of the mushroom.

Stipe

The stem of the mushroom

Annulus

Ring-like structure found on the stipe

Gills

Thin, blade-like structures on the underside of a mushroom’s basidia

Scales

Small structures found on the basidia of the mushroom

Kingdom Plantae

One of the six kingdoms, consisting of multicellular, eukaryotic and autotrophic organisms.

They have three main adaptations to living on land: roots, stems and leaves.

They are divided into two major groups: Vascular and Non-Vascular

They are also divided into four main categories: Mosses, Ferns, Conifers and Flowering Plants

Vascular Plants

A type of plant that is more developed, containing more xylem/phloem, and is also sporophyte stage dominant.