MICROBIO CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM

elements

Living things consist of atom of different _____.

92

ELEMENTS:

There are ___ naturally occurring elements.

14

ELEMENTS:

___ more are created in the laboratory

True

The most abundant elements in major life forms are:

1. Hydrogen,

2. Carbon,

3. Nitrogen,

4. Oxygen,

5. Sodium,

6. Magnesium,

7. Phosphorus,

8. Sulfur,

9. Chlorine,

10. Potassium,

11. Calcium,

12. Iron

Just remember "HOPKINS CaFe" serves a "Mighty NaCl" meal!

TRUE OR FALSE

glucose, water, amino

Basic functional molecules (3)

molecule

Two or more atoms joined together are called a

covalent, hydrogen, ionic

Molecules can be simple (water) or complex (DNA) mixture of atoms. These atoms are joined together by bonds: (3)

Covalent bond

• This type of bond is formed when atoms share electron.

• extremely stable.

• Need high energy to break.

carbon dioxide

Example of covalent bond

ionic bond

• This bond is formed by the attraction between oppositely charged molecules.

• not as strong as covalent.

• easily dissociated.

NaCl, NaOH, HCl

Examples of ionic bond (3)

hydrogen bonds

• This bond is formed when hydrogen atoms are shared between two molecules.

• this bond is weak.

Glucose, carbohydrates

Examples of hydrogen bond (2)

BUILDING BLOCKS

Are functional groups of molecules bonded together to form compounds of special functions: Proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, polysaccharides.

assembly of building blocks

is a process of growth and consists of numerous reactions catalyze by enzymes

hydrogen bonding

Importance of water to life:

• Act as an agent for _____.

• Supplies H+ and OH- for completion of respiration.

true

Water’s polarity makes it an excellent solute for chemical reaction

TRUE OR FALSE

True

Water molecules can be Hydrophilic / Hydrophobic

TRUE OR FALSE

True

Water interacts with many other molecules

TRUE OR FALSE

hydrophilic

Water - soluble molecules are _______

hydrophobic

Water - insoluble molecules are ______

True

Water insoluble molecules repel and drive together uncharged and nonpolar molecules like fats and oils

TRUE OR FALSE

hydrophobic interaction

The “clumping” of nonpolar molecules is called ________

eukaryotic, prokaryotic

All living cells can be classified as either ______ (having a true nucleus) or ______ (lacking true nucleus and other membrane enclosed structures)

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• single celled organisms

• all bactera

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• DNA not enclosed

• lack nuclear membrane

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• No mitochondria (enzymes in cell membrane)

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Lack Golgi apparatus

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• ribosomes 70S

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• cytoskeleton absent

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• cell wall of peptidoglycan

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• absence of cilia/presence of flagella

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• presence of pilli on some

Prokaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• division of binary fission, asexual

bacteria, archaea

Example of prokaryotes (2)

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Single and multicell

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• DNA enclosed in nuclear membrane

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Presence of histones

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Energy synthesizing enzymes in mitochondria

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Has Golgi apparatus

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

ribosomes 80S in cytoplasm 70S in organelle

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Cytoskeleton present

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Cellulose or chitin on plant and fungal

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Present on some (paramecium)

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Absence of pilli

Eukaryotes

EUKARYOTES OR PROKARYOTES

• Mitotic or meiotic, sexual or asexual

Bergey’s manual

the preferred reference of the general characteristics for identification purposes of the microorganisms

1923

Bergey’s manual is published since

phenotypic

In Bergey’s manual, the basis for early classification was the ______ traits of bacteria such as morphology, cell wall composition, motility, growth features such as oxygen use, biochemical reactions (staining)

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

A manual which has current version combines phenotypic information with molecular characteristics such as rRNA sequencing

Capitalized

The first letter in the genus is _____

species

In nomenclature:

The _______ is written in small letters.

Subtype

In nomenclature:

_____ can be numbers

Carolus Linnaeus

• an 18th century taxonomist who classified organisms by their structure

• developed the naming system, called Binomial nomenclature, which is still used today

Latin

Binomial nomenclature is based on the dead language called _____

Carolus Linnaeus

the “father of taxonomy”

True

NAMING:

Pasteurella pestis: Based on the person who first discovers and registered the organism

TRUE OR FALSE

basic shapes and physical morphology

In Naming:

• Bacillus subtilis

• Staphylococcus aureus

• Streptococcus faecalis

  Is Based on _____ and __________

natural habitat

In Naming:

Enterobacter aerogenes, is based from where

disease it caused

In Naming:

• Vibrio cholera, is based on ____

biochemical functions

In Naming:

• Thiobacillus ferrooxidans

• Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Is based from _____

Subtype

This is is used to differentiated species that are different but closely related, having similar characteristics. E. coli O157.H7

plants, fungi, protists, animals

4 kingdom under eukaryotes

archaebacteria, eubacteria

2 kingdoms under prokaryotes

Autotrophs

types of plants who can make their own food through photosynthesis

Heterotrophs

types of plants who cannot make their own food through photosynthesis and must eat other organisms

Virology

Sub - disciplines of microbiology:

• study of viruses

Parasitology

Sub - disciplines of microbiology:

• study of parasites: protozoa & helminths

Mycology

Sub - disciplines of microbiology:

• study of yeast and fungi

Bacteriology

Sub - disciplines of microbiology:

• study of bacteria

Phycology

Sub - disciplines of microbiology:

• study of algae (or more specific micro-algae)

ancient

Bacteria and archaea are considered _______ bacteria

Bacteria and archaea

• Microscopic, single celled (unicellular), prokaryotic.

• Cell wall of peptidoglycan.

• About 3000 species. Only close to 10% are pathogens.

• Modern bacteria (= Eubacteria): common.

Deinococcus sp

A kind of Archaea (ancient bacteria capable of utilizing unusual source for growth, found in unusual habitats (extreme):

• found in radioactive waste water.

Methanegens

A kind of Archaea (ancient bacteria capable of utilizing unusual source for growth, found in unusual habitats (extreme):

• found in petrols and organic solvents.

Stearothermophilus sp.

A kind of Archaea (ancient bacteria capable of utilizing unusual source for growth, found in unusual habitats (extreme):

• found in hot boiling water.

Fungi

• Eukaryotic.

• Habitat: water, soil, decaying matter.

• Facultative or obligate anaerobes.

• Mostly chemotrophic saprophyte (live on dead organic matters) capable of producing extracellular enzymes

Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Mostly chemotrophic saprophyte (live on dead organic matters) capable of producing extracellular enzymes

Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Pathogenic to animals and plants.

• Have rigid cell wall.

• Lack photosynthesis

Fungi

• Eukaryotic

• Some produce antibiotics.

• Growth forms: Yeast and Molds

Yeast

• Unicellular growth of fungi.

• Spherical to ellipsoidal 3-5 um. May produce capsule (slime layer)

Yeast

• Unicellular growth of fungi

• Reproduce by budding. When growing as ____, no spores will be formed.

• Produce colony 0.5-3 mm, pasty, opaque, cream colored or pigmented. Cannot be ascertain based on morphology.

Mold

_____ form of growth refers to the production of wooly mycelium filamentous colonies (aerial growth), and hyphae (subterranean growth).

Molds

• ▪Unicellular growth of fungi.

• Characteristic branching, cylindrical tubules.

• Can be septated or aseptated (coenocytic).

Molds

• Unicellular growth of fungi.

• Mycelial growth can produce fruiting bodies (conidiophores/sporangiophores) This is asexual reproduction.

Karyogamy

Some fungi (Molds) are capable of sexual reproduction called ______

Molds

• Unicellular growth of fungi.

• Identification can be based on microscopic morphology of fruiting bodies, mycelium/hyphae type.

• Mushrooms are fruiting bodies of the Family Basidiomycetes

Dimorphism

The ability of some species of fungi to grow in more than one form under different environment.

• Ex: Some pathogenic fungi grow as yeasts at 37 ᵒC and as mold at 25 ᵒC.

True

Importance of fungi in food industries

• Persistent contaminant for soil related product.

• Production of amatoxins and phallotoxins (potent: by poisonous mushrooms).

TRUE OR FALSE

True

Importance of fungi in food industries

• Aflatoxin/mycotoxin from fungi contaminated agricultural and poultry products.

• Food spoilage associated with moisture content

TRUE OR FALSE

Rhizopus nigricans

The species called in black bread mold (zygomycetes)

Botrytis cinerea

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• storage rot in grapes caused by ______

Botrytis cinerea

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• storafe rot in strawberry caused by _____

penicillium spp

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• blue mold rot in tomato caused by _____

fusarium spp

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• blue mold rot in tomato caused by _____ aside penicilliumi spp

Guignardia bidwell

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• black mummy rot of grapes caused by

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• watery soft rot in apple caused by

Penicillium digitatum

FUNGAL SPOILAGE

• blue mould on oranges caused by

penicillium species

Fungi in cheeses

saccharomyces cerevisae

Fungi in beer, wine