EEB 115 Lecture Exam 3

Classification & Phylogeny - Why classify organisms? (Cumulative Content)

1. Understand _________.

   • Group organisms to reflect similarities/evolutionary relationships.

2. Foundation of _______.

   • Classification underpins all disciplines.

3. Standardized ___________.

   • Common language worldwide.

4. Conservation & Biodiversity

   • Can’t protect species we haven’t identified.

Relationships, Biology, Communication

Classification & Phylogeny - Key Terms (Cumulative Content)

1. Defined as the study of evolution of biological diversity.

2. Defined as the taxonomic categories in levels of inclusion; reflect relatedness.

3. Defined as the development of hypotheses to reconstruct evolutionary history.

Systematics, Hierarchical Classification, Cladistics

Classification & Phylogeny - Data Sources (Cumulative Content)

1. Described as the physical form and structure of an organism; body shape and anatomical features.

2. Described as the study of past life through fossils; evidence from ancient organisms preserved in rock.

3. Described as the genetic and biochemical sequences; heritable code and molecular markers inside cells.

4. Described as the distribution of organisms across regions and habitats; where species live and how location patterns form.

5. Described as features related to how an organism interacts with its environment; habitat use, resource needs, and environmental tolerances.

6. Described as actions or patterns of activity shown by an organism; how an organism responds or acts in different situations.

Morphology, Paleontology, Molecular Characters, Biogeography, Ecological Traits, Behavioral Traits

Early Evolution of Mammals - Timeline (Cumulative Content)

1. Evolved from _______ (*terrestrial vertebrate*).

2. Living lineages originated in what period?

3. Significant adaptive radiation in what period led to modern diversity?

4. What era was coined the “Age of Mammals”?

Synapsids, Jurassic, Cretaceous, Cenozoic

Early Evolution of Mammals - Evolutionary Sequence (Cumulative Content)

1. Had a single temporal fenestra, splayed limb posture, glandular skin, and was probably oviparous.

2. Had feeding adaptations (enlarged canines, jaw musculature), locomotor adaptations (upright posture, limbs beneath body, dorso-ventral spinal flexion), heterodonty begins.

3. Had survived the Permian-Triassic extinction, a larger temporal opening, larger dentary, heterodont dentition (polyphyodonty), a secondary bony palate, 2 occipital condyles, fully upright posture, and no lumbar ribs

4. Had small shrew-like insectivores, heterodont dentition with diphyodonty and precise molar occlusion, an enlarged brain (especially olfactory regions), an enlarged dentary with a double jaw-joint, and likely had hair/lactation but laid eggs.

Synapsida, Therapsida, Cynodontia, Mammaliaformes

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Temporal Opening (Cumulative Content)

1. Did the synapsids have a small or large temporal fenestra?

2. Did the advanced therapsids/cynodonts have a small or large temporal fenestra?

3. The mammals lost the temporal fenestra in place of what?

   • Lost post-orbital bar, gained a more pronounced zygomatic arch.

Small, Large, Temporal Fossa

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Lower Jaw Bones (Cumulative Content)

1. Ancestrally, there were how many bones comprising the lower jaw?

2. In modern mammals, what bone became the entire lower jaw?

   • Over time, there was the progressive enlargement of the dentary, as well as the reduction/loss of other elements.

7, Dentary

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Jaw Muscles (Cumulative Content)

1. The chewing muscles differentiated into the ________ and _______. {Use /}

   • One of these muscles first appeared in cynodonts (origin: zygomatic arch; insertion: dentary).

   • Forms a muscular sling, giving greater jaw control and an increased bite force.

Temporalis/Masseter

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Jaw Joints (Cumulative Content)

1. Ancestrally, the jaw joint comprised of what two bones? {Use /}

2. In modern mammals, the jaw joint is comprised of what two bones? {Use /}

Articular/Quadrate, Dentary/Squamosal

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Ear Bones (Cumulative Content)

1. The ancestral jaw joint bones were repurposed into parts of the middle ear.

   • What did the articular bone become?

   • What did the quadrate bone become?

Malleus, Incus

Key Evolutionary Transitions - Tooth Morphology (Cumulative Content)

1. Ancestrally, was the dentition homodont or heterodont? Was the replacement diphyodont or polyphyodont? {Use /}

2. Derivatively, was the dentition homodont or heterodont? Was the replacement diphyodont or polyphyodont? {Use /}

Homodont/Polyphyodont, Heterodont/Diphyodont

Defining Mammal Characters (Cumulative Content)

1. Are these characters preserved or not preserved in the fossil record?

   • Hair

   • Lactation

   • Four-Chambered Heart (convergent with birds)

   • Muscular Diaphragm

   • Higher Metabolic Rate

   • Enhanced Senses (large cerebrum)

   • Enucleate Erythrocytes

Not Preserved

Defining Mammal Characters (Cumulative Content)

1. Are these characters preserved or not preserved in the fossil record?

   1. Single Lower Jaw Bone (Dentary)

   2. Dentary-Squamosal Jaw Joint

   3. Three Middle Ear Bones

   4. Diphyodonty

   5. Heterodont Dentition

   6. Secondary Bony Palate

   7. Ribs Confined to Thoracic Region

   8. Two Occipital Condyles

Preserved

Hair & Skin Glands - Camouflage and Climate Change (Cumulative Content)

1. Seasonal color molt is under ________ control.

2. In periods of longer daylight, is there an increase or decrease in the production of melatonin? Prolactin? {Use /}

   • Earlier snowmelt means camouflage mismatch means increased predation risk.

Hormonal, Decrease/Increase

Hair & Skin Glands - Skin Glands (Cumulative Content)

1. Has an accrine type (watery, not near hair follicles) and a apocrine type (thick, near hair follicles).

2. Is associated with hair follicles; secretes a waterproofing substance.

3. Is a modified variant; functions include marking, sexual communication, and predator deterrent.

4. Is unique to mammals; functional use for lactation.

Sweat, Sebaceous, Scent, Mammary

Mammary Glands - Evolution of Lactation (Cumulative Content)

1. Monotreme Lactation Protein (MLP) has __________ properties.

2. In metatherians, is milk composition changing or stable during lactation?

3. In eutherians, is milk composition changing or stable during lactation?

Antimicrobial, Changing, Stable

Reproductive Anatomy - Male (Cumulative Content)

1. What produces the sperm and testosterone?

   • Has abdominal (internal) positioning and scrotal (external) positioning.

2. What is the intromittent organ?

Testes, Penis

Reproductive Anatomy - Female (Cumulative Content)

1. What produces the eggs and hormones; has finite gametes and matures cyclically?

2. What is the site of embryonic/fetal development?

3. What receives the sperm, and acts as the birth canal?

4. What provides the nutrients, antibodies, and hormones for neonates?

Ovaries, Uterus, Vagina, Mammary Glands

Reproductive Anatomy - Female/Monotreme (Cumulative Content)

1. Presence of what orifice no other mammal has?

2. Thin shell made of what forms over the egg?

   • Lays and incubates eggs.

3. Paired uteri enter _________ sinus.

Cloaca, Ovokeratin, Urogenital

Reproductive Anatomy - Female/Metatherian (Cumulative Content)

1. Is the uteri paired or single? Vagina? {Use /}

2. Birth through ___________ canal.

3. _____________ placenta.

   • Enlarged yolk sac; little attachment; gas exchange problem; danger of immune response; progesterone doesn’t inhibit FSH).

4. Long or short gestation?

5. Altricial or precocial young?

6. Long or short lactation?

Paired/Paired, Pseudovaginal, Choriovitelline, Short, Altricial, Long

Reproductive Anatomy - Female/Eutherian (Cumulative Content)

1. Is the vagina paired or single?

2. ____________ placenta.

   • Highly vascularized; long-lived; efficient exchange; produces hormones; acts as a selective barrier.

3. Long or short gestation?

4. Altricial or precocial young?

5. Long or short lactation?

Single, Chorioallantoic, Long, Precocial, Short

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Are metatherians adaptively/competitively inferior? (Cumulative Content)

1. Are they more or less diverse today?

2. Absence of what two groups of metatherians? {Use /}

   • More conservative, morphologically-speaking (no fins or wings).

3. Never evolved highly _____ behavior.

Less, Flying/Marine, Social

Metatherians vs. Eutherians - Alternative Explanations (Cumulative Content)

1. Metatherian reproduction is probably more _______.

2. Precocious grasping forelimbs at birth may _______ other forelimb specializations.

3. Extended gestation of eutherians produces more __________ young, which makes them better able to exploit colder climates.

4. Short gestation of metatherians might be adaptive in ___________ environments, allowing them to replace young quickly.

Ancestral, Preclude, Endothermic, Unpredictable

Origin & Diversification of Eutheria - Timeline (Cumulative Content)

1. Tons of diversity, as well as many modern orders, date to which period?

Cretaceous

Origin & Diversification of Eutheria - Basal Eutherians (Cumulative Content)

1. Many adaptive radiations throughout which period?

2. Were they generally small or large in size?

3. Lacked a first digit that was what?

Cretaceous, Small, Opposable

Origin & Diversification of Eutheria - Plate Tectonics (Cumulative Content)

1. Originated on what supercontinent during the Jurassic period?

2. Further separation in the late Cretaceous into what four superorders? {Use /}

Pangaea, Afrotheria/Xenarthra/Laurasiatheria/Euarchontoglires

Biogeography - Great American Biotic Interchange (Cumulative Content)

1. ______ of Panama formed (~2.5 mya).

2. Two Waves:

   • Waif immigrants via island arcs.

   • Migrants moved across the completed land bridge.

3. Clades that were originally from North America expanded rapidly in which direction?

Isthmus, South

Biogeography - Key Terms (Cumulative Content)

1. What is the term for when a group is native to a region?

2. What is the term for when a group originated elsewhere?

3. What is the term for when the populations are separated across regions?

Autochthonous, Allochthonous, Disjunct

Mammal Lifestyles (Cumulative Content)

1. What is the term for land-dwelling animals; adapted for breathing air with bodies that support themselves against gravity?

2. What is the term for animals living/moving/thriving in the air; possess wings or gliding membranes?

3. What is the term for animals living/thriving underground; possess powerful digging limbs and specialized senses?

Terrestrial, Aerial, Subterranean

Why study mammals? (Cumulative Content)

1. Relevance to medicine and disease transmission.

2. Effects on crops, livestock, and food systems.

3. Guiding wildlife management and population control.

4. Revealing lineage history and adaptation.

5. Role in ecosystems and environmental change.

Health, Agriculture, Conservation, Evolution, Ecology

Family Canidae - Dogs, Foxes, Wolves (New Material)

1. What type of locomotive posture does this family have?

2. This family has what special teeth pair?

   • Omnivores: small-moderate size, usually non-social

   • Carnivores: up to 80 kilograms, may be social

   • Herbivores: small, social

Digitigrade, Carnassials

Family Ursidae - Bears (New Material)

1. Does it have a small or large body size?

2. What type of locomotive posture does this family have?

Large, Plantigrade

What superfamily are these families a part of?

• Otariidae

• Phocidae

• Odobenidae

Pinnipedimorpha

Family Otariidae - Eared Seals, Sea Lions (New Material)

1. Are external ear flaps present?

2. Does it have homodont or heterodont dentition?

Yes, Homodont

Family Phocidae - True Seals (New Material)

1. Are external ear flaps present?

2. The distribution of this family is described as what?

No, Antipodal

Family Odobenidae - Walrus (New Material)

1. Do the males, females, or both have tusk-like upper canines?

2. Is this family slightly or highly vocal?

3. Is this family polygynous or polyandrous?

Both, Highly, Polygynous

What superfamily are these families a part of?

• Procyonidae

• Mustelidae

• Mephitidae

• Ailuridae

Musteloidea

Family Procyonidae - Raccoons (New Material)

1. What type of locomotive posture does this family have?

2. What cheekteeth morphology does this family have?

Plantigrade, Bunodont

Family Mustelidae - Weasels, Otters, Badgers, Wolverines (New Material)

1. Does it have a small or large body size?

2. Are the bodies short or long?

3. They have what special teeth pair?

Small, Long, Carnassials

Family Mephitidae - Skunks, Stink Badgers (New Material)

1. Are they a more social or solitary group?

2. The black and white hair has what type of coloration?

3. With their muscular forelimbs and long claws, they are adapted for what action?

Solitary, Aposematic, Digging

Family Ailuridae - Red Panda (New Material)

1. Enlarged bone called what, which acts like a “false thumb”?

2. This trait is convergent with what animal?

Radial Sesamoid, Giant Panda

Xenarthra - Key Features (New Material)

1. Extra articulations between ________ joints.

2. They originated from, and diversified, in what isolated continent?

Vertebral, South America

Xenarthra - Evolutionary Trends (New Material)

1. The axial skeleton is described as having increased rigidity or looseness?

2. They have stronger limbs specialized for what two actions? {Use /}

Rigidity, Digging/Climbing

Family Dasypodidae - Nine-Banded Armadillo (New Material)

1. Scales, made of what, present over their bony plates?

2. Reproduction has delayed implantation, referred to as embryonic what?

3. Reproduction has the 1 egg leading to 2-12 identical, same-sex offspring, referred to as monozygotic what?

Keratin, Diapause, Polyembryony

Family Cyclopedidae - Silky Anteaters (New Material)

1. Is the tail prehensile or non-prehensile?

2. They are nocturnal _______ foragers.

Prehensile, Canopy

Family Myrmecophagidae - Giant Anteater, Tamanduas (New Material)

1. Is their skull long or short?

2. Is their skull blocky or conical?

3. Where is the long, protrusible tongue anchored to on the skeleton?

Long, Conical, Sternum

Family Bradypodidae - Three-Toed Sloths (New Material)

1. How many clawed digits are present on the forelimbs?

2. How many clawed digits are present on the hindlimbs?

3. The posture of this family is upside-down, described as what?

3, 3, Antipronograde

Family Choloepodidae - Two-Toed Sloths (New Material)

1. How many clawed digits are on the forelimbs?

2. How many clawed digits are on the hindlimbs?

3. The posture of this family is upside-down, described as what?

2, 3, Antipronograde

Family Manidae - Pangolins (New Material)

1. Body covered with agglutinated hairs, or scales made of what?

2. Is the skull blocky or conical?

Keratin, Conical

Family Orycteropodidae - Aardvark (New Material)

1. They have rootless teeth of tubular what, with no enamel whatsoever?

2. Is the skull blocky or conical?

Dentine, Conical

Paenungulata - Synapomorphies (New Material)

1. Absence of what neck bone?

2. Incisors are remniscent of what?

Clavicle, Tusks

Family Procaviidae - Hyraxes (New Material)

1. Which type of teeth is ever-growing in this family?

2. They have a behavioral thermoregulation trait called what?

Incisors, Basking

Order Proboscidea - Evolutionary Traits (New Material)

1. They have limbs adapted for carrying great weight, making their locomotion what?

2. The teeth is replaced sequentially, referred to as horizontal what?

Graviportal, Polyphyodont

Family Elephantidae - Elephants (New Material)

1. They have the longest gestation among mammals, lasting how many months?

2. Highly social kinship groups that are patriarchical or matriarchical?

3. They have complex communication, using what over long distances?

4. What is the male phase of increased aggression and sexual activity?

22, Matriarchical, Infrasound, Musth

Family Trichechidae - Manatee (New Material)

1. How many cervical vertebrae are present?

2. Do they have functional incisors?

3. is the tail fluke rounded or notched?

6, No, Rounded

Family Dugongidae - Dugongs (New Material)

1. How many cervical vertebrae are present?

2. Do they have functional incisors?

3. Is the tail fluke rounded or notched?

7, Yes, Notched

Rank the mammalian foot postures in order of increasing cursoriality.

Plantigrade, Digitigrade, Unguligrade

Order Perissodactyla - Recognition Characters (New Material)

1. Teeth usually have what morphology?

2. In grazers, what is the crown-root ratio described as?

3. In browsers, what is the crown-root ratio described as?

Lophodont, Hypsodont, Brachydont

Family Equidae - Horses, Zebras (New Material)

1. Is this family social or solitary?

2. Is this family polygynous or polyandrous?

3. Although highly cursorial, which digit is the only one functional?

Social, Polygynous, 3rd

Family Tapiridae - Tapirs (New Material)

1. Is the distribution autochthonous or allochthonous?

2. Is their cheekteeth brachydont or hypsodont?

Allochthonous, Brachydont

Family Rhinocerotidae - Rhinos (New Material)

1. They have massive limbs, described for what locomotion?

2. Are they more solitary or social?

3. They are described as being thick-skinned, termed what?

4. The horn that they have is actually fused hair made of what fibers?

Graviportal, Solitary, Pachydermous, Keratin

Family Camelidae - Camels (New Material)

1. Is the distribution autochthonous or allochthonous?

2. What type of locomotive posture does this family have?

3. They have distinctive metapodials, with what two digits being fused together? {Use /}

4. As an adaptation for dry habitats, what shape are the RBCs which allows for more osmotic stress resistance?

Allochthonous, Digitigrade, 3rd/4th, Oval

Family Suidae - Old World Pigs (New Material)

1. The molars of this family have what morphology?

2. Are the canines curved or interlocking?

Bunodont, Curved

Family Tayassuidae - New World Peccaries (New Material)

1. Is this family more social or solitary?

2. Are the canines curved or interlocking?

Social, Interlocking

Headgear - True Horns (New Material)

1. Found only in what two families? {Use /}

2. There is what material sheath over the bony core?

Bovidae/Antilocapridae, Keratin

Headgear - Antlers (New Material)

1. Found only in what family?

2. Covered with a vascular what during growth?

Cervidae, Velvet