APUSH UNIT 3

Jeffersonian (Republican) Vision

• Jefferson wanted a small, agrarian, democratic society without the mobs of industry like NE and Europe

  • more power to states.

  • Dismantled bureaucracy of Federalists, made sure federal government stayed relatively unimportant in American life

Noah Webster

• CT teacher and lawyer arguing that Americans should be educated as patriots and learn pro-American sentiments.

• Created the American Spelling Book to foster American culture (honor vs. British spelling honour)

  • became 2nd top selling book under Bible

Washington Irving

NY author popular for satirical stories about early American life and fables about society -- leader of American literary life

Deism

Originating from France: belief in remote God who distanced Himself from humans and their sins after creating their world.
Notables: Jefferson, Franklin

Unitarianism

• from dissenting NY Congregationalists.

• Rejected predestination and the Trinity (Jesus was great preacher, not Son of God).

• powerful because evangelicals were disorganized: people discarded commitment to organized church because too formal

Second Great Awakening

Wave of revivalism for traditional churches.

• people must let God back into their lives by practicing active piety and rejecting religious skepticism, grace can be attained through faith and good works.

• Growth in denominations

• Established social order and stability.

• Young women involved in movement

  • men moved west

  • could build life around religion, changing economic roles deprived women of social role,

  • partook in charitable societies.

• African Americans saw as egalitarian movement

  • social unrest.

• Native Americans revived traditional religions:. - Neolin: mix of Christian and Indian religion, sparked military resistance against whites.

  • Handsome Lake: encouraged to give up white habits

John Wesley

Founder of Methodism in England

Camp meetings

Meetings where evangelical preachers came to preach. Started in Cane Ridge, KY in 1801 and became more popular
-- Methodists used them to recruit members

Samuel Slater

England tried to limit sharing their technological advances, but people emigrated to America with intention of sharing. Samuel Slater introduced spinning mill to Quaker Moses Brown
-- Brown's RI spinning mill became first modern American factory

Eli Whitney

Yale graduate from MA
- came up with a way to separate short-staple cotton from seeds quickly (most common form of cotton) in the form of a cotton gin.

Revolutionized Southern plantation life:
- plantations expanded North and West and slavery became important again to pick cotton

Large supply of domestically grown cotton inspired textile industry in North
-- further separated two regions into industrial North and agricultural South

Interchangeable parts

Whitney also introduced idea of standardized parts so machine could be repaired instead of being thrown away when one part broke

First used idea with muskets for guns

Steamboat

Started to turn to steam as a way to power engines
- Robert Fulton refined and popularized steam engines and created steamboat

Fulton's steamboat took long time to sail Hudson but showed that steam technology was possible and practicable

Nicholas J. Roosevelt introduced steamboats to west, where it became profitable service career

Turnpike Era

In 1972, private company made a toll road between Philadelphia and Lancaster
-- became popular so others copied it, turnpikes popped up everywhere

Private corporations didn't want to finance longer roads, so government picked up projects for long roads

Barbary Pirates

Barbary Pirates demanded money from all who passed through Mediterranean -- US organized yearly tribute, but Jefferson unhappy

Leader of Tripoli unsatisfied with tribute and informally declared war
-- Jefferson built up navy in preparation, reached agreement that Americans would pay substantial ransom in exchange for American prisoners and the end of tribute, piracy resumes in 1801

First Barbary War (1801-1805): US navy sees action overseas, gains concessions, show unity, gain respect

Midnight appointments

When lame duck president is about to leave, he can make last-minute appointments

Adams wanted Federalists to stay in power, so passed Judiciary Act of 1801 to create more courts
-- Adams appointed Federalists to those courts

Marbury v. Madison

(1803) William Marbury (midnight appointment) had been appointed as justice of the peace in DC, but commission wasn't delivered in time
-- Jefferson didn't allow Madison (new secretary of state) to deliver it

Marbury filed suit on basis of Judiciary Act of 1789 stating that courts had power to compel executives to do certain things like deliver commissions

Courts decide that they don't have constitutional power to order commissions - lose small power, but gain big power in judicial review

John Marshall

Federalist, Adams' Secretary of State, and appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court as midnight appointment -- in favor of expansionist and centralizing policies

Shaped Court's important rulings (Marbury v. Madison), established judicial branch's equal importance to executive and legislative,

Judicial review

Power of the Supreme Court to declare legislative acts as unconstitutional

Samuel Chase

Jefferson saw threat strong judiciary could present -- tried to get Samuel Chase impeached (highly partisan, Federalist, injudicious but hadn't committed a crime)

House impeached Chase but he was acquitted: power of impeachment not to be used for political reasons (obstructing other branches and disregarding will of the people)

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Africans in Santo Domingo revolted and created republic led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, inspired by French Revolution

Napoleon sent French army to restore French control -- sign that Napoleon would have a hard time with his dream of implementing French control in North America

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon persuaded Spanish at New Orleans to stop Americans from unloading their cargo (contrary to Pinckney Treaty)

Jefferson sent ambassador to France to negotiate purchase of New Orleans while building river fleet and army -- gave French impression Jefferson was ready to fight, Napoleon already disillusioned

LA territory boundaries unclear, exclusive commercial privileges to French at New Orleans, incorporate LA citizens into US with same rights and privileges

Jefferson unsure of Constitutionality of accepting treaty (Madison agrees) and had to be persuaded into accepting, Federalists worried about more ties with France, increased debt

Doubled size of America cheaply

Lewis and Clark

Plan expedition to West Coast to gather geographical facts and investigate trade with Indians

Lewis (VA) and Clark good Indian fighters and survival skills

Started at MO River, crossed Rocky Mountains (with Sacajawea), and camped on Pacific Coast

Zebulon Pike

Pike sent to explore the LA Territory, but his observations were very inaccurate

Burr Conspiracy

Federalists opposed LA Territory because their own political power would decrease, wanted secession -- turned to Burr after Hamilton didn't give support

Burr accepted proposal to become NY gubernatorial candidate (rumors that he supported secession) but Hamilton accused him of treason and he lost

Challenged Hamilton to a duel

Burr-Hamilton duel

Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel -- Hamilton accepted, afraid of looking like a coward

Burr shot directly at Hamilton, killing him, rather than shooting at sky

Burr now a political outcast who had to flee NY and a murder indictment, rumors (little evidence) that he wanted to create a Southwest Empire of which he would be emperor

Jefferson brought Burr in as a traitor, but Chief Justice Marshall limited evidence and Burr escaped indictment

Impressment

British navy was terrible and most had to be impressed to serve: most deserted at any chance to join American merchant marine or navy

British claimed they had right to search American ships for deserters, but took deserters and Americans alike to impress them into service

Chesapeake-Leonard Incident

American Chesapeake met British Leopold: Americans refused to let British search ship, Leopold opened fire and Americans had to surrender -- British seized 4 men

Widespread outrage (if Congress were in session, would have declared war), Jefferson and Madison tried to keep peace -- instructed minister in England to demand renouncement of impressment

British promised compensation and return of men, but refused to denounce impressment

Embargo

(1807) Stopped American shipping to other foreign countries to avoid events that would bring war

Widely evaded, but caused depression (Federalist NE merchants and shipowners most affected) -- very controversial and unpopular

Madison won next election and Jefferson backed down, ending social experiment with "peaceable coercion"

Passage of the Non-Intercourse Act

Non-Intercourse Act

(1809) Open all shipping except to Britain and France

Expired in a year, replaced with Macon's Bill No. 2

Macon's Bill No. 2 (Madison)

(1810) Conditionally replaced free trade with France and Britain

Napoleon promised no interference with American shipping

US announced that an embargo would come into effect against Britain unless it repealed its restrictions of France-US trade -- Britain repealed blockade too late to stop war

William Henry Harrison

Congressional delegate from NW territory committed to growth and development in the West

Jefferson appointed him governor of Indiana territory to enact Indian solution: assimilate or force migration across MS River if not -- strategy was dirty: played tribes against each other, bribes, threats, trickery

White population was greater than Indian population: got access to eastern MI, southern IN, most of IL, more land in GA, TN, and MS

Harrison Land Act (1800): made it easier for people to get farms from public domain

The Prophet

Experienced religious awakening after recovering from alcoholism: began to preach against white culture and for Indian superiority -- inspired religious revival that united several tribes (joint religious revival led to joint military and political action)

Tecumseh

Militant, argued that whites would take all Indian land if Indians didn't stop them, understood unity was the only possible way for effective resistance

Went around MS River tribes to try to unite them

Argued that Harrison didn't have right to land after negotiating treaty with only one tribe: land was communal, needed agreement from all tribes

Harrison attacked Prophetstown and ran the Indians off after Tecumseh left for the south: disillusioned Indians who believed Prophet's powers would keep them safe ---- allied militant leaders to raid white settlements in response

Resistance ends at Battle of Tippecanoe where Tecumseh dies

Got help from British who believed that Americans would try to take British land in Canada

Battle of Fallen Timbers and Battle of Tippecanoe

Tecumseh dies at Battle of Tippecanoe

Native Americans defeated -- OH and IL can be settled

"War Hawks"

Northerners wanted to drive British out of Canada and Southerners wanted to take Spanish Florida

1812: war fever took over Congress when Henry Clay became Speaker of the House, appointed War Hawk John C. Calhoun to Committee of Foreign Affairs along with other war hawks

Nationalists wanted territorial expansion, defend Republican values

War Hawks, led by Clay and Calhoun, advocated for war against British to take Canada -- Madison hoped for peace, but worried about trade and losing control of Congress, approves declaration of war

Henry Clay

War Hawk, became Speaker of the House in 1811: filled committees with other war hawks and appointed John C. Calhoun to Committee of Foreign Affairs, advocated war to take Canada

War of 1812

US Motivations: more important to the US than Britain, Canada gets national identity, impressment (Chesapeake-Leopold)

Britain in Napoleonic Wars more than war with US: impressed into new ships to fight French (saw ex-British citizens as current British citizens) -- Napoleon tries to invade Russia (1812), fall of Napoleon (1814) so Britain can devote more time to US

Early battles unsuccessful (US inept and overmatched)

• Exception: Battle of Put-in-Bay gave access to Detroit, besieged Detroit

• Exception: Battle of Thames weakened Indian leadership, unity, passion

1814: British burn Washington DC

NE secession movement because US forces are unsuccessful (war unpopular with Federalist NE)

Peace Negotiations:

• Americans want: end impressment, resumption of normal trade, avoid full war with Britain, pre-war boundaries -British want: Indian buffer state to protect claims (Americans strongly opposed), resumption of normal trade, demilitarization of Great Lakes

Era of Good Feelings (downfall of Federalists, growth of nationalism, Republicans supreme), Indian forces in disarray and sell land (lose respect for Indians), US develops more professional army and Navy (move away from state militias), lasting peace between US, UK, and Canada

Battle of New Orleans

British veterans sailed to New Orleans to attack Americans

Americans protected by natural fortifications, soundly defeated British

Word finally reached them afterward that the US-Britain peace treaty had been signed weeks before the battle

Hartford Convention

American war effort against British failed, Federalists still majority in NE and secession talks continued

Hartford Convention (1814-1815) called to discuss grievances: moderates outnumbered secessionists, but agreed to insist upon nullification and 7 new amendments to Constitution to protect NE against South and West

NE thought Republicans would have to agree because war was going badly, but New Orleans victory and peace treaty made Federalists seem treasonable and irrelevant

Led to death of Federalist Party

Treaty of Ghent

John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, and Albert Gallatin had begun negotiations before War of 1812 happened

US gave up renunciation of impressment for rights to Canada and Britain gave up call for Indian buffer state in NW

Rushed treaty (some issues not addressed), returned to "status quo" before War

Commercial Treaty of 1815 allowed US to trade with England and much of British empire

Required US to restore lands lost in fighting, but never happened (Tecumseh dead, British gone, alliance in disarray -- couldn't enforce)

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Called for mutual disarmament on Great Lakes

Created longest stretch of unguarded frontier in the world

Abigail Adams

(1744-1818) The 2nd first lady. We have learned about the fight for independence from her letters that she wrote to John Adams.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill of rights.

Articles of Confederation

(1781) First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

Bill of Rights

(1791) Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.

Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776) Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.

Democratic-Republicans

1790s, this party follows a strict interpretation of the constitution and favors a small government. They want the US to be a nation of small, independent farmers. Madison and Jefferson are a part of this and it was not a party developed formally when Washington was in office.

Washington's Farewell Address

(1796) Address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. He did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledgling nation should forge allegiances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances.

Federalism

A constitutional arrangement whereby power is divided between national and sub national governments, each of which enforces its own laws directly on its citizens and neither of which can alter the arrangement without the consent of the other.

Federalists

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Intolerable Acts

(1774) Series of punitive measurements passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Jay's Treaty

(1794) Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary War debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

(1798-1799) Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Pontiac's Rebellion

(1763) Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as means to put down the rebellion.

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.

Republicanism

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in eighteenth-century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.

Republican wife and mother

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

separation of powers

A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of government executive, legislative, and judicial-to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others. From this premise, adison developed his system of checks & balances setting power against power.

Shay's Rebellion

(1786) Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic group that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

Stamp Act

(1765) Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

U.S. Constitution

The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.

Salutary Neglect

refers to an unofficial and long term 17th & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of taxes on the colonialists

Albany Plan of the Union

Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the crown.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

King George 3

Was the King of England who disbanded the colonial legislatures, taxed the colonies, and refused the Olive Branch Petition leading to the final break with the colonies

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt because of the French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Patrick Henry

A leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) - wrote the Virginia Resolves

Virginia Resolves

In response to the 1765 Stamp Act, Patrick Henry persuaded the Virginia House of Burgesses to adopt several strongly worded resolutions that denied Parliament's right to tax the colonies. These resolutions persuaded many other colonial legislatures to adopt similar positions.

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Duties

This Revenue Act of 1767 taxed glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea entering the colonies. The colonists objected to the fact that the act was clearly designed to raise revenue exclusively for England rather than to regulate trade in a manner favorable to the entire British empire.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Actual Representation

In order to be taxed by Parliament, the Americans wanted to have actual legislators seated and voting in London, reps that were elected from the colonies

Gaspée Incident

In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence.

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to have a monopoly on tea imports. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Daughters of Liberty

This organization supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as natives dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

First Continental Congress

This congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Lexington and Concord

April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

John Dickinson

Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, he opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

Olive Branch Petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Thomas Paine

American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809) wrote "Common Sense"

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Battle of Saratoga

Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Patriots

American colonists who fought for independence from Great Britain during the Revolutionary War

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

Homespun

type of cloth manufactured in the home using a loom and spinning wheel; created and worn in the colonies as part of the boycott of British goods, including silk and other fabrics.

Critical Period

Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation. 1783-1789

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Philadelphia Convention

Beginning on May 25, 1787, the convention recommended by the Annapolis Convention was held in Philadelphia. All of the states except Rhode Island sent delegates, and George Washington served as president of the convention. The convention lasted 16 weeks, and on September 17, 1787, produced the present Constitution of the United States, which was drafted largely by James Madison.