3.1 revision organic general

saturated

containing single C-C bonds only

unsaturated

contains a C=C double bond

alkane

suffix: -ane

alkenes

suffix: -ene

alcohols

suffix: -ol
prefix: hydroxy-

halogenoalkanes

prefix: chloro-, bromo-, iodo-

aldehydes

suffix: -al
prefix: formyl-

ketones

suffix: -one

prefix: oxo-

carboxylic acids

suffix: -oic acid

esters

suffix: -yl, -oate

highest group takes the

suffix

order of functional group priority

carboxylic acids>aldehydes>alcohols>alkenes>halogenoalkanes

when there are two or more of the same groups

use di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, etc. s

separate words and numbers

with dashes se

separate numbers

with commas

if there is more than one functional group/side chain

list in alphabetical order

alkenes

• double bond between 2 carbons, use lower number to show position

• E or Z alkenes //stereoisomer

• suffix -en goes in front of other suffixes

alcohols

has higher priority than halogenoalkane => higher number

aldehydes

C=O bond on the first carbon => doesn’t need a number (use -al)

ketones

when ketones have 5 or more carbons in chain => need number to show position of the double bond (-one)

carboxylic acids

• no number needed, carboxylic acid is highest prioirty

• if carboxylic acid groups on both ends => -dioic acid

homolytic fission

• each atom gets one electron from the covalent bond

• broken bond forms two free radicals

free radical

• reactive species that possesses an unpaired electron

• do not have charge, represented by dot

heterolytic fission

one atom gets both electrons

*most organic reactions occur via heterolytic fission => ions

structural isomerism can arise from

• chain isomerism

• position isomerism

• functional group isomerism

chain isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures of the carbon skeleton

position isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures due to different positions of the same functional group on the same carbon skeleton

functional group isomers

compounds with the same molecular formula but with atoms arranged to give different functional groups

E/Z isomers arise when

• there is restricted rotation around the C=C double bond

• there are two different groups/atoms attatched to each C at both ends of the double bond

priority group

atom with the bigger atomic number

Z isomer

both priority 1 groups are on the same side of the double bond

E isomer

each priority 1 group is on opposite sides of the double bond

CIP priority rules

1. compare atomic number of each atom directly attatched to each side of the double bond, determine priority

   1. if atoms are the same, consider atoms at distance 2 from double bond until there is a difference

effect of Z isomer on physical properties (ex: Z-1,2-dichloroethene)

molecule is polar (partial charges due to group placement); there are both van der waals and permanent dipole-dipole attractions => higher boiling point

effect of E isomer on physical properties (ex: E-1,2-dichloroethene)

molecule is nonpolar // dipoles cancel out; there are only van der waals attractions => lower boiling point