Language
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26 Terms
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Phonemes
smallest unit of a sound
\
think: “Phone” = calling = sound
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think: “Phone” = calling = sound
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Morphemes
smallest unit of __**M**__eaning
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Syntax
Rules for making sentences
= word order
= word order
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Semantics
Sentence Meaning
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Grammar
the rules of language
* includes syntax and semantics
* includes syntax and semantics
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Prescriptive Grammar
the grammar we are formally taught in school
ex. “you” = refers to second person single and plural
\
Think: the schools “Prescribes” this grammar to you as a child
ex. “you” = refers to second person single and plural
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Think: the schools “Prescribes” this grammar to you as a child
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Descriptive Grammar
the grammar that is actually used in everyday speech
* informal
ex. using “ya’ll” = refers to plural “you” (informally)
* informal
ex. using “ya’ll” = refers to plural “you” (informally)
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Psycholinguistics
the study of the relationships between __linguistic__ behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
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Broca’s Area
region of the brain
* __**speech production**__ (helps make coherent sentences NOT involved in word recall or actual mouth movement)
* located in left frontal lobe
Damage in this area:
__→ hesitant__ and fragmented speech
→ no __grammatical__ structure
* __**speech production**__ (helps make coherent sentences NOT involved in word recall or actual mouth movement)
* located in left frontal lobe
Damage in this area:
__→ hesitant__ and fragmented speech
→ no __grammatical__ structure
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Wernicke’s Area
association area in LEFT temporal lobe
* contains motor neurons involved in the __**speech comprehension**__
\
Damage in this area:
→ incoherent gibberish, but fluent (if non-English speaker listened, would’ve thought they’re speaking normally)
* contains motor neurons involved in the __**speech comprehension**__
\
Damage in this area:
→ incoherent gibberish, but fluent (if non-English speaker listened, would’ve thought they’re speaking normally)
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Left Hemisphere
What hemisphere is language processed in?
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Prenatal
Stage #1 of Language Acquisition
= late-term fetuses recognize mother’s voice
= late-term fetuses recognize mother’s voice
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Cooing
Stage #2 of Language Acquisition
= vocalizations of infants (even deaf infants) are identical
= vocalizations of infants (even deaf infants) are identical
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Babbling
Stage #3 of Language Acquisition
= the sounds the child makes are now specific to the phonemes of the language they’re being exposed to
= the sounds the child makes are now specific to the phonemes of the language they’re being exposed to
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Holophrastic Speech
Stage #4 of Language Acquisition
= “one-word phase” of speech
\
* Overextension is common
* ex. “Mama” used to refer to all strange females
* ex. “doggie” overextended to all 4-legged creatures
= “one-word phase” of speech
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* Overextension is common
* ex. “Mama” used to refer to all strange females
* ex. “doggie” overextended to all 4-legged creatures
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Telegraphic Speech
Stage #5 of Language Acquisition
= 2-3 word sentences
\
ex.
“go store”
“me juice”
= 2-3 word sentences
\
ex.
“go store”
“me juice”
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Overregularization
Stage #6 of Language Acquisition
= grammatical rules applied to all speech
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ex. “we __**goed**__ to the store”
= grammatical rules applied to all speech
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ex. “we __**goed**__ to the store”
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Critical/Sensitive Period
= developmental time frame for learning skills/behaviors
\
evidence:
Wild/Isolated Children that were not nurtured/allowed to speak
→ thus, hard time speaking b/c language window is closed
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Bilinguals (mult. languages)
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Deaf Children (sign language)
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evidence:
Wild/Isolated Children that were not nurtured/allowed to speak
→ thus, hard time speaking b/c language window is closed
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Bilinguals (mult. languages)
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Deaf Children (sign language)
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Linguistic Relativity
“language influences thought”
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ex. using masculine pronouns when talking about general examples
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ex. referring to doctors as “he” → influences how kids think (stereotype develops)
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ex. using masculine pronouns when talking about general examples
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ex. referring to doctors as “he” → influences how kids think (stereotype develops)
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Surface vs. Deep Structure
many sentences have 1 surface structure but many deep structures (meanings/ways of interpretation)
\
ex. sentences in Amelia Bedelia
ex. “Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas”
* punch line: “How he got in my pajamas I’ll never know”
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ex. “The artist painted me on his porch”
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* surface structure = just the words
vs
* deep structure = artist a picture of you on the floorboards, or painted you while he is on his porch, or painted you while you’re on his porch
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ex. sentences in Amelia Bedelia
ex. “Last night I shot an elephant in my pajamas”
* punch line: “How he got in my pajamas I’ll never know”
\
ex. “The artist painted me on his porch”
\
* surface structure = just the words
vs
* deep structure = artist a picture of you on the floorboards, or painted you while he is on his porch, or painted you while you’re on his porch
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Nativist Theories (NATURE)
a theory for language acquisition
= “humans are predisposed to language”
\
\
= “humans are predisposed to language”
\
\
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Language Acquisition Device (LAD)
a part of the nativist theory for language acquisition
= “we’re born w/system for processing and producing language”
(there’s an actual neural network that develops with practice)
= “we’re born w/system for processing and producing language”
(there’s an actual neural network that develops with practice)
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Universal Grammar
evidence for the nativist theory for language acquisition
= all languages share similarities
\
* all have group of words to describe things (adjectives)
* all have words for doing things (verbs)
* etc.
= all languages share similarities
\
* all have group of words to describe things (adjectives)
* all have words for doing things (verbs)
* etc.
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Learning Theories (NURTURE)
a language acquisition theory
= “learning languages happens through observation and conditioning”
* children rewarded for speech
* children pick up accents and vocab of parents
= “learning languages happens through observation and conditioning”
* children rewarded for speech
* children pick up accents and vocab of parents
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Cognitive Theories (Nature AND Nurture)
a language acquisition theory
= “humans are predisposed to language (it’s an innate system) BUT can’t develop without experience
\
evidence:
* critical period (wild children)
* language skills develop as cognitive skills do
* problem solving and memory aids us in language learning
* “talking through” a problem helps us solve it
= “humans are predisposed to language (it’s an innate system) BUT can’t develop without experience
\
evidence:
* critical period (wild children)
* language skills develop as cognitive skills do
* problem solving and memory aids us in language learning
* “talking through” a problem helps us solve it
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Phonetic Awareness
the understanding that a letter corresponds to certain sound
ex. looking at a T and thinking “tuh”
ex. looking at a T and thinking “tuh”