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What were the major ideas of the Enlightenment?

Reason, individualism, skepticism of authority, natural rights, separation of powers, religious tolerance, and belief in human progress.

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How were Enlightenment ideas changes from previous philosophies/mindsets?

Enlightenment ideas emphasized reason and individual rights over tradition and authority, challenging established norms and advocating for a more democratic society.

What factors helped spread Enlightenment ideas within and outside Europe?

The printing press, salons, and the rise of the middle class contributed to the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas, facilitating communication and debate across different social strata and regions.

What are natural rights?

Fundamental rights inherent to all individuals, often considered as life, liberty, and property, that cannot be taken away by governments.

What is the social contract?

The social contract is a philosophical concept where individuals consent to form a government that protects their rights in exchange for some freedoms. It argues that legitimacy of authority comes from the agreement of the governed.

What is nationalism, and how did it influence 18th–19th century revolutions?

Nationalism is a political ideology emphasizing the interests of a particular nation, often leading to independence movements and revolutions aimed at self-determination and national identity.

How did Enlightenment ideas lead to social changes between 1750–1900?

Enlightenment ideas emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of authority, fostering social changes such as increased demand for democracy, equality, and rights, which inspired revolutions and reform movements.

What were the origins of feminism during this time period?

Enlightenment emphasis on equality and rationality inspired women to demand equal rights, leading to early feminist writings and activism.

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What is suffrage?

The right to vote in political elections.

How did Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges serve as early feminists?

Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, demanding education and equality for women; de Gouges wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman, challenging gender inequality during the French Revolution.

What were major causes of the American Revolution?

Enlightenment ideas, taxation without representation, colonial desire for self-rule, and resentment of British imperial policies.

What were major effects of the American Revolution?

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A: Establishment of a republic, inspiration for later revolutions, and rise of democratic ideals worldwide.

What were major causes of the French Revolution?

Social inequality, Enlightenment ideas, financial crisis, unfair taxation, and resentment of absolute monarchy.

What were major effects of the French Revolution?

End of monarchy, rise of nationalism, spread of revolutionary ideals, and long-term political instability.

What were major causes of the Haitian Revolution?

Brutal slavery system, Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas, French Revolution influence, and desire for racial equality and independence.

What were major effects of the Haitian Revolution?

Abolition of slavery in Haiti, establishment of the first Black republic, and inspiration for other independence movements

What were major causes of Latin American Revolutions?

Desire for independence, social inequality, Enlightenment ideas, Napoleonic Wars weakening Spain, and inspiration from U.S. and French revolutions.

What were major effects of Latin American Revolutions?

Creation of independent nations, decline of European colonialism in the Americas, and rise of caudillo politics in some regions.

What was 19th-century liberalism and how did it affect revolutions?

: A belief in constitutional government, civil liberties, free markets, and limited monarchy. It fueled revolutions demanding political representation and rights.

Which Enlightenment documents influenced resistance to political authority during this period?

• American Declaration of Independence

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

• Bolívar’s Letter from Jamaica

These documents inspired calls for freedom, equality, and independence.

Q: Explain the unification of Germany.

A: Through nationalism and leadership under Otto von Bismarck, German states unified via diplomacy and wars (Danish War, Austro-Prussian War, Franco-Prussian War), forming the German Empire in 1871.