ICC test 3 (lec notes)

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intercultural communication ch 4-8

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people from the east & west think differently because of the influence of philosophies from the ancient _____ & _____

greeks, chinese

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what did the ancient greeks focus on?

  1. linear methods of understanding

  2. without much regard for context

  3. focus on individual

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what did confucian-driven (chinese) philosophies emphasize?

  1. fluctuation (change)

  2. holism (the whole instead of parts)

  3. interdependence

  4. harmony

  5. groupness & environment

  6. classify objects into categories

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what are the 3 parts of the model of human information processing?

  1. input/sensation

  2. storage/memory

  3. recall/retrieval

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stage 1: input/sensation

______: the mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation

perception

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stage 1: input/sensation

define & describe the 3 types of perceptual filters

  1. physiological: the senses

  2. sociological: demographic information & group memberships

  3. psychological: attitudes, beliefs

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stage 1: input/sensation

define & give examples of the 4 types of conditions impacting information processing

  1. physical environment conditions: EX less hearing loss in dessert tribes

  2. indirect environment conditions: EX poor nutrition

  3. genetic differences: EX color-blindness

  4. socialization & enculturation with the environment: EX sensory receptors (sensotype) — taught to favor one sense over another

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define the carpentered-world hypothesis

those raised in constructed culture (built with lines & angles) perceive the world as lines, rectangles, etc. Zulu, for example, live in Rondovas & plow in curved lines.

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stage 2: storage/memory

describe short term memory

limited capacity, lost to decay without continued use

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stage 2: storage/memory

define & describe the 3 types of long-term memory

  1. episodic: unique experiences

  2. semantic: conceptual info & knowledge

  3. procedural: how to do something manually

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stage 3: recall/retrieval

long term memory may not be recalled due to what 4 reasons?

  1. interference (trauma)

  2. negative arousal (anxiety)

  3. age

  4. improper categorization

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stage 3: recall/retrieval

  • culture affects one’s ability to sense & perceive incoming information

  • once information has passed through the perceptual filters, it is processed into memory

  • once information has been stored, it is relatively useless unless it can be retrieved

:)

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stage 3: recall/retrieval

what 5 things effect information retrieval?

  1. culture

  2. age

  3. education

  4. literacy

  5. socialization

14
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define categorizaition

grouping, sorting, or classifying objects, events, or living things into identifiable groups or compartments

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define stereotyping

membership in social categories that are believed to be associated with certain traits & behaviors

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categorization reduces uncertainty & increases accuracy of predictions about others.

in intercultural communication, we face high levels of uncertainty & unfamiliar stimuli.

  • asian cultures: more wholistic. categorization → relationship focused

  • individualists: analytical categorization

:)

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stereotypes: categories that…

  • often carry a positive or negative _____

  • typically refer to _____ in social categories

  • are part of a natural or universal information-processing strategy

  • the difficulty arises when stereotypes carry a negative valence & are used to _____ negative traits.

  • stereotyping is automatic whereas prejudice is a _____ process

  • evaluation

  • membership

  • over-generalize

  • controlled

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  • studies have focused on white stereotypes of blacks

  • political doctrine is modeled on melting pot metaphor.

    • what’s the melting pot metaphor?

  • similarity is major determinant in how much people like others

removes unique cultural elements. we all eventually take on the same culture

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media influence: cultivation theory

  • long-term exposure to media cultivates in viewers a perception of _____ reality that is reflective of the content on the screen (ie. white = police & black = criminal)

  • situations on tv become the social reality that viewers believe is correct, whether it is or not

social

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the stereotype content model (SCM)

  • individuals’ social perceptions based on perceptions of what 2 things?

  • warmth (do they intend to harm me?)

  • competence (are they capable of harming me?)

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warmth & competence judgments elicit 1 of what 4 unique emotional responses?

  • judgments stem from larger social structures

  • rooted in competition for resources (ex: social status)

  1. admiration

  2. envy

  3. contempt

  4. pity

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what 3 reasons do we stereotype?

  1. out-group homogeneity effect

  2. illusory correlation principle

  3. self-fulfilling prophecies

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define out-group homogeneity effect

tendency for people to see members of an outgroup as less diverse & more stereotypic than the members of that group see themselves

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define illusory correlation principle

when 2 objects that are unfamiliar or unusual in some way are observed to be connected on some occasion, we have the tendency to believe that they are always connected

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define self-fulfilling prophecies

the dominant group in a particular culture may construct social or legal obstacles, making it hard for members of the stereotyped group to act differently from the stereotype. hence, conformity to the stereotype, although forced, validates the stereotype in the minds of the dominant group

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define stereotype threat

occurs when we sense that some aspect of our self (ie. behavior, characteristics) seems to match the stereotypes, making it appear valid. culturally held stereotypes pose the most danger for a stereotyped group since large numbers of people may hold them, leading members of the group to sense that the stereotype is valid. when the stereotype is negative, the effects can be disastrous to the stereotyped group

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define ethnocentrism

degree to which one sees his/her culture as superior & the standard by which other cultures should be judged

the tendency to put one’s in-group in a position of centrality & worth while creating & reinforcing negative attitudes & behaviors toward out-groups

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define ethnocentric attributional bias

the attitudes & behaviors of ethnocentric persons are biased in favor of the in-group often at the expense of the out-group

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ethnocentrism is negatively & significantly correlated with perceptions of social attraction, competence, character, & hiring recommendations.

:)

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ethnocentric speech results in 3 types of communicative distance:

  1. indifference

  2. avoidance

  3. disparagement: saying something has little worth

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define racism

a moral belief that one racial group is superior to others & that other racial groups are necessarily inferior.

*biologically-based/biologically superior

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  • it is unlikely that one is racist & not ethnocentric

  • it’s possible to be ethnocentric & not racist

:)

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ethnocentrism is _____, while racism is _____

innate, learned

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ethnocentrism & racism have different origins

ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon that reflects a biologically rooted _____ instinct experienced, to some degree, by all people in all cultures.

racism is not universal.

  • survival

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define involuntary membership groups

those groups which people have no choice but to belong (age, race, sex)

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define voluntary membership groups

groups ti which people consciously choose to belong (political affiliations, religion, occupation)

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define non-membership groups

those groups to which people don’t belong

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define in-group

a group whose norms, aspirations, & values shape the behavior of its members

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define out-group

a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of the in-group, or that opposes the accomplishment of the in-group’s goals

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who are examples of reference groups?

elders, coaches, professors, political/historical leaders, celebrities, pastors

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define reference groups

a group to which we may/may not belong but with which we identify in some important way

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define comparative function

to compare ourselves in making judgments & evaluations

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define normative function

establish the norms & standards to which they conform

44
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voluntary membership in-groups serve as positive reference groups (ie. christians see pastors as positive reference groups because they’re in the in-group)

voluntary nonmembership out-groups are seen as negative reference groups

:)

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when we join a group, voluntary/involuntary, we assume a role.

  • define formal roles

  • define informal roles

  1. formal: well-defined behavioral expectations, explicit, violation=removal

  2. informal: expectations vary. implicit. learn from experience

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roles prescribe:

  1. with who

  2. about what

  3. how to communicate with others

:)

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our _____ identity is created by our total combination of roles

social

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roles & communication: dimensions upon which roles vary — (4)

  1. personal-ness: intimate → distant

  2. formality: formal → informal

  3. hierarchy: flexible → ranked

  4. deviation: how far member can deviate from prescribed role

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describe social stratification & give examples of what’s looked for

  1. rank ordering of roles within a culture

  2. varies across cultures

  3. look at job position, income, education, age, race/ethnicity

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complexity of role hierarchy varies by culture. includes high/low context & high/low power distance

:)

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define patriarchy

a social system in which the father, or eldest male, is head of the clan or family unit and descent is traced through the male line

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define matriarchy

natural differences between men and women are acknowledged and respected, but they are not used to create social hierarchies, as in patriarchal societies. men & women complement each other, and their natural differences function interdependently to meet social needs. inheritance through female lines.

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what are 2 examples of matriarchal cultures

  1. mosuo women in china

  2. iriquoi: respect, tend gardens, select leadership

54
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video

  • women made teepees, were educators, bring decisions to the women elders, rites of passage through women, teach boys values through age 11

:)

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sex is _____

biological

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gender is _____ & _____

socialized, constructed

57
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describe achievement culture

  1. work is central to life

  2. physical strength

  3. material success

  4. competitive

  5. assertive

  6. differentiate gender roles

  7. aggressive communication

  8. analytical

  9. high stress

  10. less women in professional jobs

58
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describe nurturance cultures

  1. fluid gender roles

  2. affection

  3. interpersonal relationships

  4. read nonverbal messages better

  5. ambiguity

  6. less stress

  7. more women in professional jobs

59
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Japan Gender Culture

  • japanese constitution stipulates all are _____

  • younger japanese have more _____ attitudes toward sex roles

  • older japanese have more traditional attitudes toward sex roles

  • japanese women continue to sacrifice personal goals for harmony of family, in accordance with _____

  • orgs controlled by men

  • few women in _____

  1. equal

  2. egalitarian

  3. collectivism

  4. leadership

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India Gender Culture

  • Preamble of the indian constitution guarantees equality

  • 4th most dangerous country for women

  • male children seen as a _____

    • continue family name

    • male preference (boys given more food)

    • economic asset (dowry)

  • female children seen as a _____

    • dowry (economic burden)

    • dowry death if can’t pay dowry

    • less education

    • female infanticide

    • sati: good wives burn when husband dies

  1. blessing

  2. burden

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China Gender Culture

  • patriarchal

  • 1950 marriage law abolished _____ forms of marriage

  • women have little freedom & few rights

  • women discouraged from _____ _____

  • women are considered more vulnerable & less capable of dealing with the outside world than men

  • feudal

  • living alone

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Mexico Gender Culture

  • more mexican women than men are divorced, possibly because mexican men tend to _____ once they divorce

  • today, mexican women are more educated than ever

  • nearly 93% of women age 12+ do _____ work

  • during the past few years, the roles of men as providers and women as in charge of domestic work have changed noticeably

  • emigrate

  • domestic

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Israel Gender Culture

  • women have been guaranteed equal rights since Israel’s establishment as a state in 1948

  • _____ still occurs

  • certain fundamental religious groups reject such right

  • israel is the only country in the world with a compulsory military service requirement for _____

  • segregation

  • women

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saudi arabia gender culture

  • overwhelming majority of published articles on saudi women portray them as oppressed & passive victims of _____ _____

  • saudi is a _____ segregated country → separate entrances, transportation, education

  • women have financial security

  • women have less restrictions in private settings

  • women voted for the first time in december 2015

  • women not allowed to drive until 2018

  • islamic law

  • sex

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what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

human beings don’t live in the objective world alone but are very much at the mercy of particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society.

contemporary linguists believe sapir-whorf is overstated.

language influences worldview (perception & expression)

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define & explain the 2 principles of language

  1. linguistic determinism: the way one thinks is determined by the language one speaks (if you don’t have a word for it, you can’t think it)

  2. linguistic relativity: the differences among languages must therefore be reflected in the differences in the worldviews of their speakers

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give 3 examples of linguistic relativity

  1. color differentiation (having the same word for blue & green)

  2. english vs. greek: versions of love

  3. inuit: many names for snow

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languages reflect nonverbal elements of culture. give 5 examples of nonverbal elements.

  1. geographic

  2. climatic: harsher in cold areas, kinder in warm areas

  3. kinesics: hand gestures

  4. spatial

  5. proxemics: branch of knowledge about amount of space people need between themselves & others for communication

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define phonemes

smallest units of sound (letter)

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define morphemes

smallest meaning unit of sound (word)

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5,000 chinese characters have been borrowed from _____

japanese

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kanji language examples

_____: human being, man, person

otana: adult (big + person)

hito

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Nom: a famous linguist

  • what are the 3 parts of his theory?

  1. all languages have a common language

  2. language is biological

  3. there is universal syntax/grammar

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how many spoken languages are there

5,000

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define symbol

are arbitrarily selected & learned (alphabet vs. chinese symbols)

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define syntax

set of rules for grammar

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english has ___ sounds with 26 letters

korean has 16 consonants & 10 vowels

hebrew has ___ letters

40, 22

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universality of language

  • language learning is _____ among children within & across cultures

  • children across cultures acquire linguistic generalizations that experience alone couldn’t give them

  • uniform

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explain the difference between european sentence structure vs. japanese sentence structure

european: subject, verb, object

japanese: subject, object, verb

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describe the glateman study

  • he’s a linguist

  • babies learning a new word every 2 hours

  • by 3 yrs: increased vocab. conversation with grammar

  • by 5 yrs: complex sentences

  • DEAF KIDS

    • by 2 yrs: gestures, few sentences

    • by 5 yrs: gestures to communicate complex sentences

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universals of language

  1. speech sounds emit from their source of _____

  2. speech is transmitted via _____-_____ channel

  3. _____: not permanent, brief

  4. _____: we can repeat what others say

  5. _____: only function is to communicate

  6. _____: use language to talk about language

  7. able to be displaced from _____ & space: can talk about past & future

  8. able to be _____

  1. origin

  2. vocal-auditory

  3. transitory

  4. interchangeable

  5. specialized

  6. reflexive

  7. time

  8. false

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describe generative grammar

  • from a finite set of sounds & a finite set of rules, speakers of any language can create an infinite number of sentences

  • syntax can free the mind to create new words & sentences (ex: binge watch, ginger hair, photo bomb)

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distinguish between language and speech

  • language symbolizes what’s possible

  • speech symbolizes what actually occurs

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define restricted code vs. elaborated code

  • restricted code: options to what speakers can say/do verbally are limited. status-oriented. high context cultures

  • elaborated code: speakers can choose from among a variety of linguistic options to communicate. low context, individualistic cultures

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describe direct vs. indirect styles of communication.

which uses elaborated code, and which uses restricted code?

  • direct style: overt expressions of intention. assert self-face needs. EX: US, england, germany. uses elaborated code

  • indirect style: speakers intents are hidden or only hinted at. EX: japan, france. uses restricted code

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list & define 3 communication styles

  1. elaborate style: flashy & embellished language (arab, middle east, afro-american)

  2. exacting style: no more/less than is needed (european american)

  3. succinct style: concise statements. silence (japan, china, native american)

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describe personal vs. contextual styles of communication

  • personal: communication that amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.

    • informal & symmetrical power relationships

  • contextual: communication that accentuates & highlights one’s role, identity, & status

    • using honorifics

    • social context dictates word/pronoun choices

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give 2 examples of contextual communication style

  1. there are 12 forms of “you” in thailand

  2. there are 10 forms of “i” in japan

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define honorifics

terms used to address people depending on status

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gendered language style across cultures

  1. members of a speech community _____ to prescribed rules of their specific language

  2. language used by men & women _____ across most cultures

  3. one’s sex & gender are communicated through _____

  1. conform

  2. differs

  3. language

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what are 3 examples of how one’s sex & gender are communicated through language?

  1. teamsterville: a white, blue-collar, low-income neighborhood in the near south side of chicago. man to man talk, with unspoken rules.

  2. japan: system of politeness & honorifics. hierarchy & gender control verbs, nouns, adjectives, & pronouns

  3. mandarin chinese: men & women pronounce words differently. women deliberately act like spoiled children to gain affection.

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group identity:

  • shared languages

  • shared interests

  • shared experiences

:)

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group identity is maintained through _____

language

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status & hierarchy are recognized through _____

language

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immigrant groups may maintain cultural heritage & identity by using native language. immigrant groups may discourage use of native tongue to establish themselves as legitimate members of the new culture.

:)

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define dialect. give 2 examples

regional variety or subset of a language distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, & pronunciation

  1. ebonics

  2. chicano english (not spanglish)

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what are 7 varieties of american speech & language

  1. standard english

  2. appalachian

  3. cajun

  4. r-less dialects

  5. california

  6. texas

  7. midwest

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list & describe the 7 methods of nonverbal communication

  1. kinesics: use of hands, arms, legs, & face to send messages

  2. oculesics: eyes tell much about one’s affective state & status

  3. paralanguage: use of voice. vocal characteristics such as volume, pitch, rate

  4. haptics: touch, people communicate intimacy & power

  5. chronemics: time, people can communicate status & punctuality

  6. proxemics: space, we can learn how people express intimacy & power

  7. olfactics: small, a person’s ethnicity, social class, & status are communicated

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what are the 5 aspects of relationship between verbal & nonverbal?

  1. complements

  2. accents

  3. substitutes

  4. repeats

  5. contradicts

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define kinesics & give examples

general categories of body motion. gestures, hand/arm movement, leg movement, facial expressions, posture