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intercultural communication ch 4-8
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people from the east & west think differently because of the influence of philosophies from the ancient _____ & _____
greeks, chinese
what did the ancient greeks focus on?
linear methods of understanding
without much regard for context
focus on individual
what did confucian-driven (chinese) philosophies emphasize?
fluctuation (change)
holism (the whole instead of parts)
interdependence
harmony
groupness & environment
classify objects into categories
what are the 3 parts of the model of human information processing?
input/sensation
storage/memory
recall/retrieval
stage 1: input/sensation
______: the mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation
perception
stage 1: input/sensation
define & describe the 3 types of perceptual filters
physiological: the senses
sociological: demographic information & group memberships
psychological: attitudes, beliefs
stage 1: input/sensation
define & give examples of the 4 types of conditions impacting information processing
physical environment conditions: EX less hearing loss in dessert tribes
indirect environment conditions: EX poor nutrition
genetic differences: EX color-blindness
socialization & enculturation with the environment: EX sensory receptors (sensotype) — taught to favor one sense over another
define the carpentered-world hypothesis
those raised in constructed culture (built with lines & angles) perceive the world as lines, rectangles, etc. Zulu, for example, live in Rondovas & plow in curved lines.
stage 2: storage/memory
describe short term memory
limited capacity, lost to decay without continued use
stage 2: storage/memory
define & describe the 3 types of long-term memory
episodic: unique experiences
semantic: conceptual info & knowledge
procedural: how to do something manually
stage 3: recall/retrieval
long term memory may not be recalled due to what 4 reasons?
interference (trauma)
negative arousal (anxiety)
age
improper categorization
stage 3: recall/retrieval
culture affects one’s ability to sense & perceive incoming information
once information has passed through the perceptual filters, it is processed into memory
once information has been stored, it is relatively useless unless it can be retrieved
:)
stage 3: recall/retrieval
what 5 things effect information retrieval?
culture
age
education
literacy
socialization
define categorizaition
grouping, sorting, or classifying objects, events, or living things into identifiable groups or compartments
define stereotyping
membership in social categories that are believed to be associated with certain traits & behaviors
categorization reduces uncertainty & increases accuracy of predictions about others.
in intercultural communication, we face high levels of uncertainty & unfamiliar stimuli.
asian cultures: more wholistic. categorization → relationship focused
individualists: analytical categorization
:)
stereotypes: categories that…
often carry a positive or negative _____
typically refer to _____ in social categories
are part of a natural or universal information-processing strategy
the difficulty arises when stereotypes carry a negative valence & are used to _____ negative traits.
stereotyping is automatic whereas prejudice is a _____ process
evaluation
membership
over-generalize
controlled
studies have focused on white stereotypes of blacks
political doctrine is modeled on melting pot metaphor.
what’s the melting pot metaphor?
similarity is major determinant in how much people like others
removes unique cultural elements. we all eventually take on the same culture
media influence: cultivation theory
long-term exposure to media cultivates in viewers a perception of _____ reality that is reflective of the content on the screen (ie. white = police & black = criminal)
situations on tv become the social reality that viewers believe is correct, whether it is or not
social
the stereotype content model (SCM)
individuals’ social perceptions based on perceptions of what 2 things?
warmth (do they intend to harm me?)
competence (are they capable of harming me?)
warmth & competence judgments elicit 1 of what 4 unique emotional responses?
judgments stem from larger social structures
rooted in competition for resources (ex: social status)
admiration
envy
contempt
pity
what 3 reasons do we stereotype?
out-group homogeneity effect
illusory correlation principle
self-fulfilling prophecies
define out-group homogeneity effect
tendency for people to see members of an outgroup as less diverse & more stereotypic than the members of that group see themselves
define illusory correlation principle
when 2 objects that are unfamiliar or unusual in some way are observed to be connected on some occasion, we have the tendency to believe that they are always connected
define self-fulfilling prophecies
the dominant group in a particular culture may construct social or legal obstacles, making it hard for members of the stereotyped group to act differently from the stereotype. hence, conformity to the stereotype, although forced, validates the stereotype in the minds of the dominant group
define stereotype threat
occurs when we sense that some aspect of our self (ie. behavior, characteristics) seems to match the stereotypes, making it appear valid. culturally held stereotypes pose the most danger for a stereotyped group since large numbers of people may hold them, leading members of the group to sense that the stereotype is valid. when the stereotype is negative, the effects can be disastrous to the stereotyped group
define ethnocentrism
degree to which one sees his/her culture as superior & the standard by which other cultures should be judged
the tendency to put one’s in-group in a position of centrality & worth while creating & reinforcing negative attitudes & behaviors toward out-groups
define ethnocentric attributional bias
the attitudes & behaviors of ethnocentric persons are biased in favor of the in-group often at the expense of the out-group
ethnocentrism is negatively & significantly correlated with perceptions of social attraction, competence, character, & hiring recommendations.
:)
ethnocentric speech results in 3 types of communicative distance:
indifference
avoidance
disparagement: saying something has little worth
define racism
a moral belief that one racial group is superior to others & that other racial groups are necessarily inferior.
*biologically-based/biologically superior
it is unlikely that one is racist & not ethnocentric
it’s possible to be ethnocentric & not racist
:)
ethnocentrism is _____, while racism is _____
innate, learned
ethnocentrism & racism have different origins
ethnocentrism is a universal phenomenon that reflects a biologically rooted _____ instinct experienced, to some degree, by all people in all cultures.
racism is not universal.
survival
define involuntary membership groups
those groups which people have no choice but to belong (age, race, sex)
define voluntary membership groups
groups ti which people consciously choose to belong (political affiliations, religion, occupation)
define non-membership groups
those groups to which people don’t belong
define in-group
a group whose norms, aspirations, & values shape the behavior of its members
define out-group
a group whose attributes are dissimilar from those of the in-group, or that opposes the accomplishment of the in-group’s goals
who are examples of reference groups?
elders, coaches, professors, political/historical leaders, celebrities, pastors
define reference groups
a group to which we may/may not belong but with which we identify in some important way
define comparative function
to compare ourselves in making judgments & evaluations
define normative function
establish the norms & standards to which they conform
voluntary membership in-groups serve as positive reference groups (ie. christians see pastors as positive reference groups because they’re in the in-group)
voluntary nonmembership out-groups are seen as negative reference groups
:)
when we join a group, voluntary/involuntary, we assume a role.
define formal roles
define informal roles
formal: well-defined behavioral expectations, explicit, violation=removal
informal: expectations vary. implicit. learn from experience
roles prescribe:
with who
about what
how to communicate with others
:)
our _____ identity is created by our total combination of roles
social
roles & communication: dimensions upon which roles vary — (4)
personal-ness: intimate → distant
formality: formal → informal
hierarchy: flexible → ranked
deviation: how far member can deviate from prescribed role
describe social stratification & give examples of what’s looked for
rank ordering of roles within a culture
varies across cultures
look at job position, income, education, age, race/ethnicity
complexity of role hierarchy varies by culture. includes high/low context & high/low power distance
:)
define patriarchy
a social system in which the father, or eldest male, is head of the clan or family unit and descent is traced through the male line
define matriarchy
natural differences between men and women are acknowledged and respected, but they are not used to create social hierarchies, as in patriarchal societies. men & women complement each other, and their natural differences function interdependently to meet social needs. inheritance through female lines.
what are 2 examples of matriarchal cultures
mosuo women in china
iriquoi: respect, tend gardens, select leadership
video
women made teepees, were educators, bring decisions to the women elders, rites of passage through women, teach boys values through age 11
:)
sex is _____
biological
gender is _____ & _____
socialized, constructed
describe achievement culture
work is central to life
physical strength
material success
competitive
assertive
differentiate gender roles
aggressive communication
analytical
high stress
less women in professional jobs
describe nurturance cultures
fluid gender roles
affection
interpersonal relationships
read nonverbal messages better
ambiguity
less stress
more women in professional jobs
Japan Gender Culture
japanese constitution stipulates all are _____
younger japanese have more _____ attitudes toward sex roles
older japanese have more traditional attitudes toward sex roles
japanese women continue to sacrifice personal goals for harmony of family, in accordance with _____
orgs controlled by men
few women in _____
equal
egalitarian
collectivism
leadership
India Gender Culture
Preamble of the indian constitution guarantees equality
4th most dangerous country for women
male children seen as a _____
continue family name
male preference (boys given more food)
economic asset (dowry)
female children seen as a _____
dowry (economic burden)
dowry death if can’t pay dowry
less education
female infanticide
sati: good wives burn when husband dies
blessing
burden
China Gender Culture
patriarchal
1950 marriage law abolished _____ forms of marriage
women have little freedom & few rights
women discouraged from _____ _____
women are considered more vulnerable & less capable of dealing with the outside world than men
feudal
living alone
Mexico Gender Culture
more mexican women than men are divorced, possibly because mexican men tend to _____ once they divorce
today, mexican women are more educated than ever
nearly 93% of women age 12+ do _____ work
during the past few years, the roles of men as providers and women as in charge of domestic work have changed noticeably
emigrate
domestic
Israel Gender Culture
women have been guaranteed equal rights since Israel’s establishment as a state in 1948
_____ still occurs
certain fundamental religious groups reject such right
israel is the only country in the world with a compulsory military service requirement for _____
segregation
women
saudi arabia gender culture
overwhelming majority of published articles on saudi women portray them as oppressed & passive victims of _____ _____
saudi is a _____ segregated country → separate entrances, transportation, education
women have financial security
women have less restrictions in private settings
women voted for the first time in december 2015
women not allowed to drive until 2018
islamic law
sex
what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?
human beings don’t live in the objective world alone but are very much at the mercy of particular language which has become the medium of expression for their society.
contemporary linguists believe sapir-whorf is overstated.
language influences worldview (perception & expression)
define & explain the 2 principles of language
linguistic determinism: the way one thinks is determined by the language one speaks (if you don’t have a word for it, you can’t think it)
linguistic relativity: the differences among languages must therefore be reflected in the differences in the worldviews of their speakers
give 3 examples of linguistic relativity
color differentiation (having the same word for blue & green)
english vs. greek: versions of love
inuit: many names for snow
languages reflect nonverbal elements of culture. give 5 examples of nonverbal elements.
geographic
climatic: harsher in cold areas, kinder in warm areas
kinesics: hand gestures
spatial
proxemics: branch of knowledge about amount of space people need between themselves & others for communication
define phonemes
smallest units of sound (letter)
define morphemes
smallest meaning unit of sound (word)
5,000 chinese characters have been borrowed from _____
japanese
kanji language examples
_____: human being, man, person
otana: adult (big + person)
hito
Nom: a famous linguist
what are the 3 parts of his theory?
all languages have a common language
language is biological
there is universal syntax/grammar
how many spoken languages are there
5,000
define symbol
are arbitrarily selected & learned (alphabet vs. chinese symbols)
define syntax
set of rules for grammar
english has ___ sounds with 26 letters
korean has 16 consonants & 10 vowels
hebrew has ___ letters
40, 22
universality of language
language learning is _____ among children within & across cultures
children across cultures acquire linguistic generalizations that experience alone couldn’t give them
uniform
explain the difference between european sentence structure vs. japanese sentence structure
european: subject, verb, object
japanese: subject, object, verb
describe the glateman study
he’s a linguist
babies learning a new word every 2 hours
by 3 yrs: increased vocab. conversation with grammar
by 5 yrs: complex sentences
DEAF KIDS
by 2 yrs: gestures, few sentences
by 5 yrs: gestures to communicate complex sentences
universals of language
speech sounds emit from their source of _____
speech is transmitted via _____-_____ channel
_____: not permanent, brief
_____: we can repeat what others say
_____: only function is to communicate
_____: use language to talk about language
able to be displaced from _____ & space: can talk about past & future
able to be _____
origin
vocal-auditory
transitory
interchangeable
specialized
reflexive
time
false
describe generative grammar
from a finite set of sounds & a finite set of rules, speakers of any language can create an infinite number of sentences
syntax can free the mind to create new words & sentences (ex: binge watch, ginger hair, photo bomb)
distinguish between language and speech
language symbolizes what’s possible
speech symbolizes what actually occurs
define restricted code vs. elaborated code
restricted code: options to what speakers can say/do verbally are limited. status-oriented. high context cultures
elaborated code: speakers can choose from among a variety of linguistic options to communicate. low context, individualistic cultures
describe direct vs. indirect styles of communication.
which uses elaborated code, and which uses restricted code?
direct style: overt expressions of intention. assert self-face needs. EX: US, england, germany. uses elaborated code
indirect style: speakers intents are hidden or only hinted at. EX: japan, france. uses restricted code
list & define 3 communication styles
elaborate style: flashy & embellished language (arab, middle east, afro-american)
exacting style: no more/less than is needed (european american)
succinct style: concise statements. silence (japan, china, native american)
describe personal vs. contextual styles of communication
personal: communication that amplifies the individual identity of the speaker.
informal & symmetrical power relationships
contextual: communication that accentuates & highlights one’s role, identity, & status
using honorifics
social context dictates word/pronoun choices
give 2 examples of contextual communication style
there are 12 forms of “you” in thailand
there are 10 forms of “i” in japan
define honorifics
terms used to address people depending on status
gendered language style across cultures
members of a speech community _____ to prescribed rules of their specific language
language used by men & women _____ across most cultures
one’s sex & gender are communicated through _____
conform
differs
language
what are 3 examples of how one’s sex & gender are communicated through language?
teamsterville: a white, blue-collar, low-income neighborhood in the near south side of chicago. man to man talk, with unspoken rules.
japan: system of politeness & honorifics. hierarchy & gender control verbs, nouns, adjectives, & pronouns
mandarin chinese: men & women pronounce words differently. women deliberately act like spoiled children to gain affection.
group identity:
shared languages
shared interests
shared experiences
:)
group identity is maintained through _____
language
status & hierarchy are recognized through _____
language
immigrant groups may maintain cultural heritage & identity by using native language. immigrant groups may discourage use of native tongue to establish themselves as legitimate members of the new culture.
:)
define dialect. give 2 examples
regional variety or subset of a language distinguished by vocabulary, grammar, & pronunciation
ebonics
chicano english (not spanglish)
what are 7 varieties of american speech & language
standard english
appalachian
cajun
r-less dialects
california
texas
midwest
list & describe the 7 methods of nonverbal communication
kinesics: use of hands, arms, legs, & face to send messages
oculesics: eyes tell much about one’s affective state & status
paralanguage: use of voice. vocal characteristics such as volume, pitch, rate
haptics: touch, people communicate intimacy & power
chronemics: time, people can communicate status & punctuality
proxemics: space, we can learn how people express intimacy & power
olfactics: small, a person’s ethnicity, social class, & status are communicated
what are the 5 aspects of relationship between verbal & nonverbal?
complements
accents
substitutes
repeats
contradicts
define kinesics & give examples
general categories of body motion. gestures, hand/arm movement, leg movement, facial expressions, posture